Abstract: This study was designed to explore the structure of children’s early mathematical ability and its characteristics. 234 children aged from 3~4-year-old to 4~5-year-old were tested individually with standard procedure. The results from confirmatory factor analysis indicated:（1）The structural model of children’s early mathematical ability was reasonable and it had good structural validity. In detail, children’s early mathematical ability was explained by number, arithmetic, measurement, space/geometry and pattern; (2) The structure of children’s early mathematical ability was stable across different ages but the structural model was not consistent completely; (3) Boys’ structural model was identical with that of girls’

Key words: children’s early mathematical ability, structural model, confirmatory factor analysis