无论在理论上,还是依据现行法的规定上,献血都是一种权利,而非义务。权利献血有着坚实的伦理基础与法律支撑;而义务献血并不符合生命法之权益保障的理念。因此,对广大公民而言,献血法应当是"权利献血法",而非"义务献血法"。自愿无偿献血在我国之所以长期以来一直被视为一种义务,与我国献血法在法律宣传以及制度设计方面的一些不足有着直接关系。为此,需要采取相应对策,尽快修改我国献血法,使其更加完善。

目的 探讨上海市街头无偿献血现状,了解献血者的献血动机、认知及是否有过二次或多次献血,以达到改善无偿献血工作,更好地服务于无偿献血招募工作,为无偿献血提供理论基础.方法 通过6个月的问卷调查、采血车现场询问等多种方式,调查387名车上无偿献血者及436名室外预动员对象,调查其献血认知及是否愿意献血等问题.结果 真实反应了上海市广大市民及外来工作人员在无偿献血这一问题上的看法、认知、态度及其献血的动机等.结论 广大市民中不少人对于献血可能造成身体影响认识有误,动机也多样化,加大对广大市民无偿献血安全知识的宣传与教育,对无偿献血工作产生积极的影响.

在西方学者的研究基础上,基于自我建构视角,运用实验的研究方法,探究社会规范的相关理论在中国情境下的适用性,得出了与西方研究相悖的结论.研究发现,社会规范引导亲社会行为的效用受到自我构建类型的调节,对于互依型自我构建的个体而言,描述性规范比意见性规范和一般环保标语更有效用.而在以互依型自我构建为主的中国情境下,更要关注描述性规范在宣传和推广环境保护、社会公益等亲社会行为中的重要作用.该研究为社会规范理论的本土化研究作了有益探索,其成果可以运用到环保、戒烟、献血以及抵制药物滥用等具有重大意义的社会目标方面,为社会和国家的健康和谐发展提供借鉴和启示.

The influence of social norms on individual behaviors is usually underestimated. On the basis of dividing social norms into descriptive norms and injunctive norms and defining the role of focus of attention, the focus theory of normative conduct puts new emphasis on the important role of social norms. According to focus theory of normative conduct, different social norms have different functions, and to properly adopt relative social norms information to intervene environmental behaviors could promote such behaviors as littering reducing, recycling promoting, energy improving, resource conservation and protection, etc. Based on environmental protection, the authors summarized notable problems during taking such scientific and low-cost measures. Finally, the authors discussed the applicability of the focus theory of normative conduct and the measures derived from it on environmental protection in China from two aspects including cultural difference and social characters of China at this stage.

关于态度与行为关系研究存在以下几种模式:态度和行为直接相关;态度和行为通过其他的中介,调节变量共同作用于行为;态度的不同构成对行为起不同的作用。该文结合以上的研究框架介绍了近些年来有影响力的模型如计划行为理论、态度强度模型等,并提出未来的态度和行为的关系应该充分考虑内隐态度测量以及采用时间序列追踪研究的新的角度。

Governments are increasingly adopting behavioral science techniques for changing individual behavior in pursuit of policy objectives. The types of “nudge” inter

Researchers commonly use 2 models to explain contrast effects (CEs): the standard-of-comparison model and the set-reset model. The 2 models focus on the role of categorization to predict when a CE (instead of an assimilation effect) will happen, while minimizing the role of knowledge accessibility and relevance in determining whether any effect will occur. A 3rd model, the... [Show full abstract]

This chapter focuses on norms, which can be demonstrated to affect human action systematically and powerfully. Three distinct types of norms that are effective: social norms of the descriptive kind, which guides the behavior via the perception of how most others would behave; social norms of the injunctive kind, which guides the behavior via the perception of how most others would approve/disapprove of a person's conduct; and personal norms, which guides the behavior via the perception of how a person would approve/disapprove of his own conduct. At a given time, an individual's actions are likely to conform to the dictates of the type of norm that are familiar even when the other types of norms dictate contrary conduct. The chapter discusses those injunctive social norms—once activated—is likely to lead to beneficial social conduct across the greatest number of situations and populations. By focusing subjects on one or another type of norm, the action of a particular kind of norm was stimulated, without activating the other kinds.

Author(s): Eom, K; Kim, HS; Sherman, DK; Ishii, K

BACKGROUND: Understanding blood donor motivations is crucial to improving effectiveness of donor recruitment and retention programs. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Data from a 1998 survey of 92,581 U.S. blood donors were used to evaluate factors influencing the decision to donate in various demographic groups. Data were weighted to adjust for response and sample design. RESULTS: Of 52,650 respondents, 45,588 gave whole-blood (WB) donations. Among all demographic groups, the major reasons to donate were altruism (75-87%) and awareness of the need for blood (34-43%). Except for first-time donors and those 25 years old, blood drive organizers and/or recruiters were more important than family and/or peers in encouraging donors (13-19% vs. 1-8%). Although 59 to 63 percent of donors said they would be encouraged to donate by reminders originating from the blood bank, for some, the contact would have a negative effect and discourage donation. Discouragement would be higher if they were reminded by a telephone call (14%) rather than by a letter or e-mail (4%) or an appeal (2%) from the blood bank. CONCLUSION: WB donations appear to be made primarily for altruistic reasons and in response to appeals for blood. Ways to build on this humanitarianism and take advantage of new communication routes, such as e-mail, need to be developed.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Medication non-adherence leads to a vast range of negative outcomes in patients with coronary artery disease. An automated web-based system managing short message service (SMS) reminders is a telemedicine approach to optimise adherence among patients who frequently forget to take their medications or miss the timing. AIM: This paper sought to investigate the effect of automated SMS-based reminders on medication adherence in patients after hospital discharge following acute coronary syndrome (ACS). METHODS: An interventional study was conducted at a tertiary teaching hospital in Malaysia. A total of 62 patients with ACS were equally randomised to receive either automated SMS reminders before every intake of cardiac medications or only usual care within eight weeks after discharge. The primary outcome was adherence to cardiac medications. Secondary outcomes were the heart functional status, and ACS-related hospital readmission and death rates. RESULTS: There was a higher medication adherence level in the intervention group rather than the usual care group, (0307(2) (2)=18.614, p<0.001). The risk of being low adherent among the control group was 4.09 times greater than the intervention group (relative risk =4.09, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.82-9.18). A meaningful difference was found in heart functional status between the two study groups with better results among patients who received SMS reminders, (0307(2) (1) = 16.957, p<0.001). CONCLUSION: An automated SMS-based reminder system can potentially enhance medication adherence in ACS patients during the early post-discharge period. 0008 The European Society of Cardiology 2014.

http://eab.sagepub.com/cgi/doi/10.1177/0013916513520416

This article identifies four factors for consideration in norms-based research to enhance the predictive ability of theoretical models. First, it makes the distinction between perceived and collective norms and between descriptive and injunctive norms. Second, the article addresses the role of important moderators in the relationship between descriptive norms and behaviors, including outcome expectations, group identity, and ego involvement. Third, it discusses the role of both interpersonal and mass communication in normative influences. Lastly, it outlines behavioral attributes that determine susceptibility to normative influences, including behavioral ambiguity and the public or private nature of the behavior.

A questionnaire survey of a random selection of students (N = 533) at a British university was carried out to investigate the motives of blood donors and nondonors. The results obtained are in close agreement with those published by Oswalt and Napoliello (1974). Thus, donation by volunteer donors appears to result largely from humanitarian motives, while nondonation is a result, primarily, of fear of the unknown or of apathy. Furthermore, it was shown that a significantly larger proportion of donors than nondonors first heard about the work of the National Blood Transfusion Service through personal contact. Implications of these findings for the recruitment of donors are discussed.

In recent years researchers have focused attention on understanding the role of normative factors in influencing behaviors. Although there is some evidence to support the idea that restructuring normative beliefs can result in behavior change, the norms literature is largely silent about how or why this influence occurs. The theory of normative social behavior describes the moderators of the descriptive norm-behavior relationship. Through a 2 (descriptive norms: high or low)×2 (perceived benefits: high or low)×2 (similarity: high or low) between-subjects experiment(N02=02174), we tested whether these cognitive mechanisms moderated the norms-behavior link. Results indicated that descriptive norms do not exert a direct influence on behavior. Rather, perceived benefits moderated the relationship between descriptive norms and behavioral intention and perceived similarity moderated the relation between descriptive norms and self-efficacy.

The present research investigated a novel account of how normative influence varies across culture—whether there exist cultural differences in the motivation to adhere to social norms even when similar norms are prevalent across cultures. Experiment 1 established that both Americans and Indians perceived that most others would disapprove of individuals who made choices primarily based on their own preferences compared to individuals who also took other factors into consideration. Experiments 2 and 3 found that when either general normative concerns or specific norms were highlighted, Indians’ preference–choice consistency shifted whereas Americans’ did not. Experiment 4 demonstrated that motivating people to act counter-normatively (rather than normatively) increased Indians’ preference–choice consistency but had no influence on Americans’. The findings indicate that even when the norm content does not differ across cultures, people from a more interdependent culture are more susceptible to normative influence than people from a more independent culture.

ABSTRACT090000 Despite a long tradition of effectiveness in laboratory tests, normative messages have had mixed success in changing behavior in field contexts, with some studies showing boomerang effects. To test a theoretical account of this inconsistency, we conducted a field experiment in which normative messages were used to promote household energy conservation. As predicted, a descriptive normative message detailing average neighborhood usage produced either desirable energy savings or the undesirable boomerang effect, depending on whether households were already consuming at a low or high rate. Also as predicted, adding an injunctive message (conveying social approval or disapproval) eliminated the boomerang effect. The results offer an explanation for the mixed success of persuasive appeals based on social norms and suggest how such appeals should be properly crafted.

In this paper, we provide a domain-general scoping review of the nudge movement by reviewing 422 choice architecture interventions in 156 empirical studies. We