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A Review of the Research on Moral Psychological Licensing SHI Wei null    2011, 19 (8): 1233-1241.   Abstract （1018）            Knowledge map    Moral psychological license may be defined as people’s perception that they are permitted to take an action or express a thought without fear of discrediting themselves. We present evidence that good behavior in one domain can license otherwise-discrediting behavior in the same domain or an unrelated domain. Observers are sometimes willing to extend license to actors on the basis of the actors’ behavioral history. The potential mechanisms behind licensing are moral credits and moral credentials which can be viewed as two independent routes. When one acts in domains that are relatively unimportant to one’s identity or can avoid appearing hypocritical, one’s behavioral history will liberate rather than constrain future behaviors. We also discuss remaining questions in the literature and propose avenues for future research, the questions including the relationship between self-licensing and person-licensing, verification fundamental assumptions of moral credits and moral credentials models, the desirable consequences of moral licensing. Related Articles | Metrics

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Procedural Justice and Its Psychological Dynamics Lin Xiaowan,Che Hongsheng,Zhang Peng,Wang Lei null    2004, 12 (02): 264-272.   Abstract （1574）            Knowledge map    Procedural justice is the most important component of organizational justice. Since the concept was proposed by Thibaut and Walker（1975）, procedural justice has been studied in a variety of settings. This literature is developing, but the integration of the content of procedural justice is needed. Voice effect and dignitary process effect indicate what affects the judgment of procedural justice, and self-interest model and group-value model are used to shed light on the underlying psychological mechanism. It is well proved that procedural justice can influence various work-related attitudes and behavior, and interacts with outcome favorability. The psychological dynamism underlying is discussed in this article as well. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Brain Mechanism of Syntactic Processing Gao Bing;Cao Hui;Cao Pin null    2006, 14 (01): 32-39.   Abstract （2044）            Knowledge map    Syntactic processing is very important in language comprehension, by which all the semantic units are integrated and a whole semantic representation are constituted. The brain mechanism of syntactic processing is a very important issue in the study of psycholinguistics. With the development of technique of ERP and functional imaging, the possibility to study the brain mechanism of syntactic processing has emerged. In this paper, the studies about the brain mechanism of syntactic processing were reviewed and the issues and the debate in the domain were discussed Related Articles | Metrics

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Gender Stereotypes in Television Advertisements Zhong Jianan;Lou Jie,  Ye Yaorong null    2006, 14 (02): 281-.   Abstract （2041）            Knowledge map    At first, this article introduced the related concepts of gender stereotypes and the theoretical base of the researches on the gender stereotypes in television advertisements. The article reviewed the researches on the gender stereotypes in television advertisements from the points of view of the content analysis and audience’s response. The results of content analysis showed that despite the feminist movement for more than 20 years, the gender stereotypes in television advertisements had not been reduced yet and it was universal around the world. The results of audience’s response showed that audience’s response to the gender stereotypes in television advertisements was a complex process and was influenced by many factors, such as sex, age, level of education，feminist consciousness and so on Related Articles | Metrics

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Working Memory Content-based Attentional Capture and Suppression in the Visual Search ZHANG Ming;WANG Ai-Jun Advances in Psychological Science    2012, 20 (12): 1899-1907.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2012.01899 Abstract （956）            Knowledge map    Visual attention is a kind of selection which points at relevant information and restrains irrelevant information. Working memory (WM) plays a role in holding associated information and suppressing unassociated information. This paper is based on systematic reviews of existing literature on guidance of visual attention from WM and combines recent research on event related potential (ERP). From the visual search based on the two points of view of attentional capture and attentional suppression of the content of WM, we summarized the related research of visual working memory (VWM) and visual selective attention. Researchers have mainly been discussing two aspects in this field: (1) the guidance of visual attention from WM; (2) the conditions of the guidance of visual attention from WM. It suggests that no matter the contents of VWM capture or restrain attention, there are top-down and bottom-up two kinds of processing mechanism. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Social Cognitive Process of Word Learning in Infants JING Wei;FANG Junming Advances in Psychological Science    2013, 21 (5): 837-846.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2013.00837 Abstract （623）            Knowledge map    Associative theory, constraints theory and social-pragmatic theory are three basic theories about how infants learn new words. We outline social-pragmatic evidence with respect to four questions：1) What kinds of social cognitive processes are involved in infants` word learning? 2) How does social-pragmatic theory refute the challenges from associative theory and constraints theory? 3) How is the weight of social cognitive process in infants` word-learning relative to associative learning or lexical constraint mechanism? 4) What difficulties do children with autism encounter in word-learning task via social cues? Current evidence strongly indicates that social cognitive processes play a basic role in infants` word-learning. Finally, some suggestions on future research are proposed. Related Articles | Metrics

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Client Motivation: An Integration of Theory and Practice in Counseling and Psychotherapy LIU Chen-Ling; WANG Yun Advances in Psychological Science    2016, 24 (2): 261-269.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2016.00261 Abstract （1070）            Knowledge map    Client motivation is key for behavior change and treatment result. It is also critical in the process of counseling and psychotherapy. Self-determination theory (SDT), a broad theory of motivated behavior, defines client motivation using a taxonomy along a relative-autonomy continuum.The more clients present autonomous motivation, treatment outcome is more effective.It addresses that therapist’s autonomy support is critical to clients’ active engagement and adherence in change. Motivational Interviewing (MI) is an another popular clinic technology and strategy in health contexts, initially used to treat addictions. For it can follow the person-centered guiding to elicit and strengthen client motivation to change. Although there are different starting points, foci and developmental processes between them, the potential for systematic integration between both approaches was found to enhance evidence-based practice. Recently client motivation has received increasing attention across counseling approaches. Related Articles | Metrics

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Basic psychological need and its satisfaction Cai-Zhi WU, Shuo RONG, Fang-Ting ZHU, Yan CHEN, Yong-Yu GUO Advances in Psychological Science    2018, 26 (6): 1063-1073.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2018.01063 Abstract （2817）            Knowledge map    Deci and Ryan proposed the concept of basic psychological needs based on previous studies and conceptualized basic psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness. Basic psychological needs originated from the Self-Determination Theory. Currently, measurement of basic psychological needs mainly employs the General Need Satisfaction Scale compiled by Gagné. The satisfaction of basic psychological needs is mainly affected by the surrounding environment, and closely related to the mental health of the individual; the thwarting of basic psychological needs will lead to anxiety and depression. The challenges of basic psychological needs are mainly focused on four aspects: the content of needs, the contradiction between needs, the stability of needs, and the universality of needs. Future research on basic psychological needs should focus on developing the measurement, carrying out in-depth studies on need thwarting, enhancing longitudinal studies, and conducting research on the strategies of meeting basic psychological needs. Related Articles | Metrics

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The effect of taste on judgment and decision-making and its mechanism CHEN Yinfang, XIE Jiaquan, YANG Wendeng Advances in Psychological Science    2020, 28 (10): 1678-1687.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2020.01678 Abstract （204）            Knowledge map    Taste is one of the indispensable feelings for human survival, and has substantially extended beyond the direct feeling of “tongue tip.” Taste affects individual perceptions and judgment of interpersonal relationship and ethics, and changes individual decision-making on risk-taking and consumption. Emotional intermediary, embodied metaphor, evolutionary, and social construction hypotheses are different perspectives used to explain the influence of taste on judgment and decision-making. The existing research has some limitations, such as individual differences in taste perception, difficulty in ensuring the validity of taste measurement, lack of unified research paradigm in taste experiment. Hence, future research should continue to verify the taste metaphor and apply it to the fields of sensory marketing and psychological therapy. The current study intensively analyzes taste from the aspects of physiology, psychology, and society, and discuses all facets of the mechanism and effects of taste on judgment and decision-making. Related Articles | Metrics

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Item selection methods for cognitive diagnostic computerized adaptive testing TANG Qian, MAO Xiuzhen, HE Mingshuang, HE Jie Advances in Psychological Science    2020, 28 (12): 2160-2168.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2020.02160 Abstract （84）            Knowledge map    Dual-objective cognitive diagnostic computerized adaptive testing (CD-CAT), which considers knowledge status and ability simultaneously, has become more and more popular with the theoretical and practical development of CD-CAT. Item selection methods play a key role in CD-CAT. This paper systematically reviews existing item selection methods on traditional and dual-objective CD-CAT, and summarizes the types, characteristics, relations, and performance of these methods. Furthermore, several future research directions were illustrated. First, it is necessary to study item selection strategy with general cognitive models and under complex test conditions. Second, it is important to develop indexes representing items and test characteristic of dual-objective diagnostic testing. Finally, it is meaningful to conduct research on non-parametric item selection methods and practical applications of CD-CAT. Related Articles | Metrics

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Auditory temporal processing deficits in developmental dyslexia WANG Runzhou, BI Hongyan Advances in Psychological Science    2021, 29 (7): 1231-1238.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2021.01231 Abstract （62）            Knowledge map    Developmental dyslexia is a neurological disorder characterized by a specific deficit in reading, despite adequate intelligence and socioeconomic opportunity. A large number of studies have revealed that dyslexics usually exhibit impaired auditory temporal processing. At the behavioral level, dyslexics struggle to discriminate the sequence of rapid and successive stimuli as well as dynamical temporal characteristics. At the neural level, dyslexics evoke weaker mismatch negativity (MMN) and have abnormal neural synchronization. These deficits have been found in the processing of both verbal and non-verbal stimuli, suggesting that such deficits are not specific to speech processing. Further studies are needed to elucidate the following questions: 1) the temporal windows in which auditory temporal processing deficits occur in dyslexia, and how will they change with age; 2) what is the neural time course of auditory temporal processing deficits in dyslexia; 3) whether auditory temporal processing deficits are core causes of dyslexia. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Spatial Character of Number Xu Xiaodong;Liu Chang null    2006, 14 (06): 851-858.   Abstract （550）            Knowledge map    When participants judge the parity of presented digits, left-hand responses are faster for numerically small numbers, whereas right-hand responses are faster for large numbers. This association of numbers with space was termed Spatial-Numerical Association of Response Codes (SNARC effect). A number of experiments have proved this effect, It indicates that both spatial representation and attention influence the course of human number processing. This paper systematically reviewed the evidences of SNARC effect and its functional locus , then SNARC and Simon effects were contrasted. In the end, attention perspective was considered to further explore the essence of spatial-numerical association Related Articles | Metrics

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Social Cognitive Researches on Internal Working Models of Attachment Wang Zhengyan;Yang Ye;Wang Bin null    2006, 14 (06): 880-887.   Abstract （1901）            Knowledge map    Some researchers suggested that internal working models of attachment as mental representations were similar in many ways to other cognitive structures. Social cognitive researches on adult attachment made a great progress that psychologists examined the core hypotheses of attachment theory and explored the attachment behavioral system’s unconscious content. Article compared the relationship between internal working model and mental representation, and summarized related memory and emotion being the content and function of internal working model. Additionally, researches on the availability, accessibility and prime effects as well as the future directions of attachments were illustrated and discussed Related Articles | Metrics

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Influential Factors in Organization Trust Qi Shunsheng;He Hongqing null    2006, 14 (06): 918-923.   Abstract （2006）            Knowledge map    As the histology of modernistic enterprises take on the comolanate trend, trust in organization become more important. Combining the former research of domestic and overseas, this article not only induced the dimensions of the organization trust, but also ascended the antecedents and outcomes by right of the dimensions as the masterstroke. The antecedents of trust have some differences in view of the differences of eastern culture and western culture, as exploring and establishing the antecedents may provide accurate and rational gist for measuring organizational trust in the Chinese Ventures; and exploring and establishing the outcomes may provide academic direction for improving an organizational performance Related Articles | Metrics

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Shared Mental Model: An Approach to Distribution, Hierarchy and Accuracy XU Han-Yi, ;MA Jian-Hong Advances in Psychological Science    2008, 16 (06): 933-940.   Abstract （1275）            Knowledge map    Since the concept of Shared Mental Model was defined, researchers have deemed it an antecedent of team performance. Yet, there remain several issues to be delineated. Shared mental models include various contents that are in various representations, which could be analyzed in terms of heterogeneity/homogeneity and interdependency/independency. Shared Mental Models are hierarchical, including concrete knowledge and abstract categories, as well as attitudes and beliefs directing at them. The only expert-mental model doesn’t exist in logical means. The development and evolution of shared mental models should be of more meanings than approaching to expert-mental models. Finally, “share” is more than an output of team process; it should gain more attention on its role as a team processor Related Articles | Metrics

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Interaction of Emotion and Memory Li Xuebing, Luo Yuejia Li Xuebing;Luo Yuejia null    2007, 15 (01): 3-7.   Abstract （1269）            Knowledge map    As to the relationship between emotion and memory, it had been the focus of research in social cognitive neuroscience. This article mainly introduced three aspects of researches on emotion and memory: the role of emotion in memory, the way of emotion effects on memory and brain regions involved in the emotion-memory interaction. The affection of emotional arousal to amygdale, and the interaction among amygdale, medial temporal lobe and prefrontal cortex were specially emphasized Related Articles | Metrics

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The Development and Prospect of Researches on Moral Sensitivity Zheng Xinjun;Ceng Guozhen null    2007, 15 (01): 108-115.   Abstract （1635）            Knowledge map    Moral sensitivity is apperception and interpretation ability to the moral implication of situation. It is logically initial psychological component during moral behavior produce procedure. Moral sensitivity is closely related to automatic process toward situations and concomitant “gut feelings”. Individual moral sensitivity is probably influenced by context and character of situation, individual role-involving, moral schemas, personality trait，and so on. Currently, there have been some positive outcomes in moral sensitivity research on children’s earlier development, professional ethic and measure approach, and so on. However, its theoretical construct needs to be further consummated and deepened, its developmental research to be strengthened which is closely related to educational intervention, and its research methods to be improved Related Articles | Metrics

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Core Self-Evaluations: A New Approach of Dispositional Research Du Jianzheng;Zhang Xiang;Zhao Yan null    2007, 15 (01): 116-121.   Abstract （807）            Knowledge map    The foreign researchers proposed the core self-evaluations concept on the basis of the integration of dispositional sources on job satisfaction. It includes four core traits: self-esteem, locus of control, neuroticism, and generalized self-efficacy. They construct a more fundamental structure. Core self-evaluations and four core traits correlate significantly with job satisfaction and job behavior variables. Finally this article discusses the contributions and limitations of core self-evaluations and opportunities for future research Related Articles | Metrics

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The Trust Research in Virtual Team Ma Yan，Li Xiaoxuan null    2004, 12 (02): 273-281.   Abstract （1712）            Knowledge map    Trust is pivotal in virtual teams because it could reduce the high levels of uncertainty and permit a virtual team to focus on its mission.Compared with that in traditional organization, trust in virtual teams is less an interpersonal form than a cognitive and action form. It is created swiftly based on the members’ early interactions and maintained by the continuous interactions. The relationship between trust and team performance is reciprocal. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Review of Performance Feedback Research Wang Yongli，Shi Kan null    2004, 12 (02): 282-289.   Abstract （2104）            Knowledge map    Performance feedback is an important management tool for encouraging the advanced and urging on the backward in organizations. The present review was the outline of feedback research. The trend of feedback study was analysed. We think that the feedback from the supervisor should be more and more important; the influence of negative feedback and positive feedback and the characteristics of the feedback recipients should be studied deeply. Related Articles | Metrics