Automatic processing of variability in multiple facial expressions: Evidence from visual mismatch responses

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2025.1553

Abstract

Abstract:

This study examined whether individuals can automatically process emotional variability from multiple facial expressions and whether this process is affected by emotion type using the passive oddball paradigm and visual mismatch negativity (vMMN). A central fixation discrimination task was used, and four emotional faces were presented simultaneously in the peripheral visual field, independent of the task. Emotional variability was manipulated by varying the emotional intensity of the faces. In Experiment 1, faces with low emotional variability did not induce vMMN when the mean emotion was neutral, whereas faces with high emotional variability induced both early and late vMMN. Experiment 2 further differentiated between angry and happy emotions, and found that when the mean emotion was happy, neither high nor low emotional variability elicited significant vMMN. In contrast, when the mean emotion was anger, low variability induced a significant vMMN, while high variability induced a vMMP (visual mismatch positivity). Experiment 3, which controlled for emotional ranges and distributions, found that low-variability faces did not induce vMMN, whereas high-variability faces induced vMMP at a later stage. Moreover, the whole brain was able to decode standard and deviant stimuli at an early stage in all conditions of the three experiments. Experiment 2 additionally revealed that faces with low emotional variability were decoded later than those with high emotional variability. In conclusion, the brain can automatically process emotional variability from multiple faces, and there is an advantage for the automatic processing of relatively higher variability, which is influenced by the type of emotion.

Key words: emotional variability, ensemble perception, facial expressions, visual mismatch negativity (vMMN), event-related potentials (ERPs)

CHEN Zilong, JI Luyan. (2025). Automatic processing of variability in multiple facial expressions: Evidence from visual mismatch responses. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 57(9), 1553-1571.

Figures/Tables 8

Figure 1. An example of face materials for Experiment 1. A) is a set of faces with low emotional variability, and B) is a set of faces with high emotional variability. Numbers represent emotional units, with closer to 1 indicating a more negative emotion and closer to 99 indicating a more positive emotion. In both the high and low emotional variability conditions, the mean emotion was neutral (50).

Figure 2. In each trial, four faces were presented simultaneously for 300?ms, followed by a 400−700?ms inter-stimulus interval (ISI). Participants were instructed to detect changes in the central fixation cross: if the horizontal bar became longer, they pressed the “J” key; if the vertical bar became longer, they pressed the “F” key. No response was required when the fixation cross did not change.

Figure 3. A) ERP waveforms in Experiment 1. The difference wave represents the ERP elicited by deviant stimuli minus that elicited by standard stimuli. The shaded areas indicate the time windows of interest (early: 110−140?ms; late: 320−420?ms). B) Scalp topographies of the difference waves in Experiment 1. The electrodes highlighted on the topographic maps indicate the sites used for ERP waveform plotting and statistical analysis. C) Mean vMMN amplitudes (deviant minus standard) at lateral electrodes for high and low emotional variability conditions in early and late time windows. Each dot represents a participant’s average amplitude for that condition; black diamonds and error bars indicate the mean and 95% confidence intervals. D) Decoding results of ERPs in Experiment 1. Horizontal lines near the x-axis indicate time windows where decoding accuracy exceeded chance level (p < 0.05).

Figure 4. Examples of face materials from Experiment 2. A) is the faces with low emotional variability face set, and B) is the faces with high emotional variability. In both the high and low emotional variability conditions for the anger faces, the mean emotion was medium anger (25); in both the high and low emotional variability conditions for the happy faces, the mean emotion was medium happiness (75).

Figure 5. A) ERP waveforms from Experiment 2. Difference wave refers to the ERP evoked by the deviant stimulus minus the ERP elicited by the standard stimulus, and the shaded area is the time window of interest (110−140 ms and 320−420 ms).B) Topographic map of the difference wave in Experiment 2. The average amplitude of the electrodes labelled on the topographic map was used to map the ERP waveforms in this brain region, as well as for statistical analysis.

Figure 6. A) Mean vMMN (ERP induced by deviant stimulus minus ERP induced by standard stimulus) amplitudes of electrodes analysed laterally around 320−420 ms for each emotion and emotional variability condition in Experiment 2. Each point represents the mean amplitude of the participant in that condition, and the black diamonds and the error bars represent the mean and the 95% confidence interval for each condition. B) Decoding results of ERPs in Experiment 2. The horizontal line near the x-axis is the time window in which decoding accuracy was greater than chance level (p < 0.05).

Figure 7. An example of the face materials in Experiment 3. A) is the set of faces with low emotional variability, and B) is the set of faces with high emotional variability. In both the high and low emotional variability conditions, the mean emotional was neutral (50).

Figure 8. A) ERP waveforms in Experiment 3. Difference wave refers to the ERP evoked by the deviant stimulus minus the ERP evoked by the standard stimulus, and the shaded area is the time window of interest (110−140 ms and 320−420 ms). B) Topographic map of the difference wave in Experiment 3. The mean amplitude of the electrodes marked on the topographic map was used to map the ERP waveforms in this brain region, as well as for statistical analyses. C) Mean vMMN (ERP induced by deviant stimulus minus ERP induced by standard stimulus) amplitude of the electrodes analysed around 320−420 ms for the high and low emotional variability conditions in Experiment 3. Each point represents the mean amplitude of one participant in that condition, and the black diamonds and the error bars represent the mean and 95% confidence intervals for each condition. D) Decoding results of ERPs in Experiment 3. Horizontal lines near the x-axis are the time windows in which decoding accuracy was greater than chance level (p < 0.05).

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