去抑制的认知神经机制: 一项事件相关电位研究

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2025.0762

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

个体在不同任务间进行灵活切换时, 不仅需要抑制任务无关信息, 也需要在适当的时候解除先前的抑制, 即去抑制, 该过程产生的代价称为去抑制代价。尽管研究者采用多种范式研究了去抑制的认知过程, 但其神经机制并不清楚。本研究采用ERP残差迭代分解技术考察了41名大学生被试在改编的停止信号任务中去抑制的认知神经机制, 该技术可以减少个体内差异和噪声影响, 更清晰地揭示不同认知过程的脑电特征。在任务中, 当N−1试次出现停止信号时, N试次在刺激重复条件下的反应时长于刺激切换条件, 反映了去抑制代价。脑电结果显示, 去抑制效应最早出现于P1和N1成分, 反映了注意门控机制在去抑制中的作用; 去抑制过程也诱发了较小的N2/P3波幅以及较长的P3/R-cluster潜伏期, 反映了自上而下的认知控制以及运动反应过程。

关键词: 去抑制, 去抑制代价, 认知控制, 抑制解除, ERP

Abstract:

When switching flexibly between different tasks, it is necessary not only to inhibit task-irrelevant information but also to overcome the previous inhibition at the appropriate time, that is, to engage in deinhibition. Studies have focused on the deinhibition process associated with implicit cognitive inhibition. They have rarely investigated the deinhibition process related to response inhibition. Since the formation of deinhibition relies on the strong aftereffect of inhibition and response inhibition may produce a stronger aftereffect of inhibition than cognitive inhibition, the exploration of response inhibition can more clearly reveal the cognitive neural mechanism of deinhibition.
A residue iteration decomposition technique was used to investigate the cognitive neural mechanisms underlying deinhibition in an adapted stop-signal task. Fifty-four Chinese students (24 males and 30 females) participated in the EEG experiment. Participants were required to judge whether to respond to the stimulus according to its color. Different button responses corresponded to different stimuli (“X,” “O”). Participants were told to respond quickly unless a stop signal occurred. Stop signals followed approximately one-third of the stimuli. The stop signal occurred when the color of the stimulus (X/O) changed to red 200 ms after the stimulus onset. In that case, participants were instructed to withhold their response.
The behavioral results showed that when the preceding trial was a stop-signal trial and participants successfully inhibited the action of the stimulus, the reaction time (RT) for the repeated stimuli in the current trial was significantly longer than that of the switched stimuli, reflecting the cost of deinhibition. The ERP results indicated that the process of deinhibition was manifested by larger P1 and smaller N1 amplitudes at the posterior electrodes, reflecting the role of the attention-gating mechanism in the early stage of deinhibition, which supports inhibition theory. Moreover, the process of deinhibition was also reflected by smaller N2/P3 amplitudes and longer P3/R-cluster latencies, suggesting top-down cognitive control processing and motor-response control processes, which supports memory retrieval theory.
This study identified the following neural mechanisms underlying the explicit deinhibition process: early attention processing, top-down cognitive control, and response control. These findings provide new evidence that the deinhibition process not only supports inhibition theory but also memory retrieval theory.

Key words: deinhibition, deinhibition cost, cognitive control, overcoming inhibition, ERP

中图分类号:

B842

陈霁雯, 买晓琴, 李富洪. (2025). 去抑制的认知神经机制: 一项事件相关电位研究. 心理学报, 57(5), 762-774.

CHEN Jiwen, MAI Xiaoqin, LI Fuhong. (2025). The cognitive neural mechanism of deinhibition: An ERP study. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 57(5), 762-774.

图/表 7

图1 刺激示例及任务流程图。当N−1试次出现停止信号(红色)时, 被试需要抑制行为反应, 该条件下的当前试次则定义为N−1抑制试次; 当N−1试次无停止信号时, 当前试次定义为N−1无抑制试次。当前试次的刺激与N−1试次不同时, 定义为切换试次(切换试次占比50%)。彩图见电子版。

表1 不同条件下的反应时(ms)和正确率(%)

条件	反应时(M ± SD)	正确率(M ± SD)
N−1 无抑制切换	611 ± 73	98.9 ± 1.3
N−1 无抑制重复	616 ± 76	98.8 ± 1.5
N−1 抑制后切换	559 ± 68	98.5 ± 1.9
N−1 抑制后重复	574 ± 69	98.8 ± 1.6

图2 后部电极的S-簇波形图和原始波形图以及差异波地形图(抑制后重复−抑制后切换)

图3 前额各电极的S-簇平均波形图和原始波形图以及差异波地形图(抑制后重复−抑制后切换)

图4 后部电极的C-簇平均波形图和原始波形图以及差异波地形图(抑制后重复−抑制后切换)

图5 C3/C4电极的R-簇平均波形图和原始波形图以及差异波地形图(抑制后重复−抑制后切换)

图6 行为与脑电指标数据分布特征及相关结果图(去抑制代价: 抑制后重复RT−抑制后切换RT; 去抑制速度: 去抑制代价持续的试次数; P3潜伏期去抑制代价: 抑制后重复P3潜伏期−抑制后切换P3潜伏期; R-簇潜伏期去抑制代价: 抑制后重复R-簇潜伏期−抑制后切换R-簇潜伏期)。注: ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05

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