多巴胺系统基因调节青少年同伴拒绝与亲社会行为关系: 平行潜增长模型

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2025.0584

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

基于动态发展视角和多基因研究范式, 对1044名青少年(初测年龄13.32 ± 0.48岁, 50.1%女生)进行为期3年的追踪, 考察青少年早期同伴拒绝的发展变化与亲社会行为发展变化的关系以及多巴胺系统基因的调节作用。结果发现：(1)青少年早期亲社会行为和同伴拒绝均呈线性上升趋势; (2)同伴拒绝的初始水平与增长速度均能预测亲社会行为发展轨迹。较高的同伴拒绝初始水平与较低的亲社会行为初始水平有关, 也与更快的亲社会行为上升趋势有关, 但是较高的同伴拒绝增长速度降低了亲社会行为的增长速度; (3)多巴胺系统多基因累加分调节同伴拒绝初始水平与亲社会行为初始水平、增长速度间的关系。相比携带较多高多巴胺含量相关等位基因的青少年, 携带较少高多巴胺含量相关等位基因的青少年同伴拒绝初始水平越高, 其亲社会行为初始水平更低、增长速度更快。

关键词: 亲社会行为, 同伴拒绝, 多巴胺系统基因×环境, 发展轨迹, 平行潜增长模型

Abstract:

Prosocial behaviors—actions intended to beneﬁt others—are critical indicators of adolescents’ moral character and social competencies, and form the basis for societal harmony and cooperation. Adolescence is a critical period for facilitating prosocial behavior and internalizing prosocial values attributing to the ecological and biological transitions in this stage. Particularly, peer group changes and the increasing importance of peer relationships during this stage provide both risks and opportunities for the development of prosocial behaviors. In addition, adolescents may exhibit differences in the degree to which they are affected by peer experiences, which are often rooted in their genetic predispositions. Recent evidence indicated that the genes involved in dopamine neurotransmission and metabolism act in an additive manner to influence sensitivity to the environment. However, exploration regarding the dynamic trajectory of the relationship between peer experience and prosocial behavior and whether the dynamic relationship is moderated by dopaminergic genes in a longitudinal framework is still lacking. With the adoption of the multilocus genetic profile score (MGPS) approach, the present study aimed to explore the dynamic trajectory of the relationship between peer rejection and prosocial behavior, and whether the dynamic association was moderated by dopaminergic genes.

The participants comprised 1044 adolescents who were followed up at the age of 13~15 years old (mean age 13.32 ± 0.48 years old at Time 1; 50.1% females). Adolescents’ saliva samples were collected at age 13. Peer-rated prosocial behavior and peer-nominated peer rejection were collected at each time point. All measures presented a good reliability. Real-time genotyping was performed for each participant using MassARRAY RT software version 3.0.0.4 and analyzed using the MassARRAY Typer software version 3.4 (Sequenom). The relationship between the developmental trajectories of peer rejection and prosocial behavior and the moderating role of dopaminergic genes was examined via parallel latent growth model and multiple group comparison analyses.

The results showed that adolescents’ prosocial behavior and peer rejection increased linearly during the follow-up period. Higher initial levels of peer rejection were associated with lower initial levels and slower growth of prosocial behavior. The change rates of peer rejection were associated with the developmental change of prosocial behavior, that is, the slower increase in peer rejection was associated with a greater increase in prosocial behavior over time. In addition, the relationships between the initial level of peer rejection and the initial level and growth in prosocial behavior were moderated by MGPS, with lower MGPS being more sensitive to the initial level of peer rejection.

These findings support the dynamic relationship between peer relationships and prosocial behavior and shed light on the complex polygenic underpinnings of the latter.

Key words: prosocial behavior, peer rejection, dopaminergic genes × environment, developmental trajectories, parallel latent growth modeling

中图分类号:

B844

李曦, 纪林芹, 迟晓慧, 王舒冉, 张文新, 曹衍淼. (2025). 多巴胺系统基因调节青少年同伴拒绝与亲社会行为关系: 平行潜增长模型. 心理学报, 57(4), 584-598.

LI Xi, JI Linqin, CHI Xiaohui, WANG Shuran, ZHANG Wenxin, CAO Yanmiao. (2025). Dopaminergic genes moderated the association between peer rejection and adolescents’ prosocial behavior: Parallel latent growth modeling analyses. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 57(4), 584-598.

图/表 10

参考文献 64

[1]	Allen, J. P., & Antonishak, J. (2008). Adolescent peer influences:Beyond the dark side. In M. J. Prinstein, & K. A. Dodge (Eds.), Understanding peer influence in children and adolescents (pp. 141-160) (pp. 141-160). New York: Guilford Press.
[2]	Blankenstein, N. E., Telzer, E. H., Do, K. T., Van Duijvenvoorde, A. C., & Crone, E. A. (2020). Behavioral and neural pathways supporting the development of prosocial and risk- taking behavior across adolescence. Child Development, 91(3), e665-e681. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13292
[3]	Boyce, W. T., & Ellis, B. J. (2005). Biological sensitivity to context: I. An evolutionary-developmental theory of the origins and functions of stress reactivity. Development and Psychopathology, 17(2), 271-301. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579405050145 doi: 10.1017/s0954579405050145 URL pmid: 16761546
[4]	Brown, B. B., & Larson, J. (2009). Peer relationships in adolescence. In R. M. Lerner, & L. Steinberg (Eds.), Handbook of adolescent psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 74-100). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
[5]	Buhs, E. S., Ladd, G. W., & Herald-Brown, S. L. (2010). Victimization and exclusion:Links to peer rejection, classroom engagement, and achievement. In S. R. Jimerson, S. M. Swearer, & D. L. Espelage (Eds.), Handbook of bullying in schools: An international perspective (pp. 163-172). Routledge.
[6]	Cao, Y. M., Lin, X. N., Chen, L., Ji, L. Q., & Zhang, W. X. (2018). The catechol-O-methyltransferase and dopamine transporter genes moderated the impact of peer relationships on adolescent depressive symptoms: A gene-gene-environment study. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 47(11), 2468-2480. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-018-0925-3 doi: 10.1007/s10964-018-0925-3 URL pmid: 30242586
[7]	Cao, Y. M., & Zhang, W. X. (2019). The influence of dopaminergic genetic variants and maternal parenting on adolescent depressive symptoms: A multilocus genetic study. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 51(10), 1102-1115. https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1041.2019.01102 doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1041.2019.01102 URL
	[曹衍淼, 张文新. (2019). 多巴胺系统基因与母亲教养行为对青少年抑郁的影响: 一项多基因研究. 心理学报, 51(10), 1102-1115.] doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1041.2019.01102
[8]	Chávez, D. V., Salmivalli, C., Garandeau, C. F., Berger, C., & Kanacri, B. P. L. (2022). Bidirectional associations of prosocial behavior with peer acceptance and rejection in adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 51(12), 2355-2367. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-022-01675-5 doi: 10.1007/s10964-022-01675-5 URL pmid: 36114945
[9]	Cheek, S. M., Reiter-Lavery, T., & Goldston, D. B. (2020). Social rejection, popularity, peer victimization, and self-injurious thoughts and behaviors among adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 82, 101936. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101936
[10]	Chen, F. F. (2007). Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 14(3), 464-504. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705510701301834
[11]	Chen, X. (2010). Socio-emotional development in Chinese children. In Bond M. H., (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of Chinese psychology (pp. 37-52). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
[12]	Cheung, G. W., & Rensvold, R. B. (2002). Evaluating goodness- of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 9(2), 233-255. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_5
[13]	Cillessen, A. H., & Borch, C. (2006). Developmental trajectories of adolescent popularity: A growth curve modelling analysis. Journal of Adolescence, 29(6), 935-959. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2006.05.005 URL pmid: 16860860
[14]	Cillessen, A. H. N., & Marks, P. E. L. (2017). Methodological choices in peer nomination research. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 157, 21-44. https://doi.org/10.1002/cad.20206
[15]	Cole, D. M., Beckmann, C. F., Oei, N. Y., Both, S., van Gerven, J. M., & Rombouts, S. A. (2013). Differential and distributed effects of dopamine neuromodulations on resting-state network connectivity. Neuroimage, 78, 59-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.04.034 doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.04.034 URL pmid: 23603346
[16]	Crone, E. A., & Dahl, R. E. (2012). Understanding adolescence as a period of social-affective engagement and goal flexibility. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 13(9), 636-650. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn3313 doi: 10.1038/nrn3313 URL pmid: 22903221
[17]	Davidov, M., Zahn-Waxler, C., Roth-Hanania, R., & Knafo, A. (2013). Concern for others in the first year of life: Theory, evidence, and avenues for research. Child Development Perspectives, 7(2), 126-131. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12028
[18]	Davies, P., Cicchetti, D., & Hentges, R. F. (2015). Maternal unresponsiveness and child disruptive problems: The interplay of uninhibited temperament and dopamine transporter genes. Child Development, 86(1), 63-79. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12281 doi: 10.1111/cdev.12281 URL pmid: 25130210
[19]	Delaveau, P., Salgado-Pineda, P., Micallef-Roll, J., & Blin, O. (2007). Amygdala activation modulated by levodopa during emotional recognition processing in healthy volunteers: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 27(6), 692-697. https://doi.org/10.1097/jcp.0b013e31815a444d URL pmid: 18004139
[20]	DeWall, C. N., & Richman, S. B. (2011). Social exclusion and the desire to reconnect. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 5(11), 919-932. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2011.00383.x
[21]	Dick, D. M., Agrawal, A., Keller, M. C., Adkins, A., Aliev, F., Monroe, S., Hewitt, J. K., Kendler, K. S., & Sher, K. J. (2015). Candidate gene-environment interaction research: Reflections and recommendations. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(1), 37-59. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691614556682 doi: 10.1177/1745691614556682 URL pmid: 25620996
[22]	Dreher, J. C., Kohn, P., Kolachana, B., Weinberger, D. R., & Berman, K. F. (2009). Variation in dopamine genes influences responsivity of the human reward system. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(2), 617-622. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0805517106
[23]	Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Karbon, M., Murphy, B. C., Wosinski, M., Polazzi, L., Carlo, G., & Juhnke, C. (1996). The relations of children’s dispositional prosocial behavior to emotionality, regulation, and social functioning. Child Development, 67(3), 974-992. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01777.x URL pmid: 8706539
[24]	Eisenberg, N., Spinrad, T. L., & Knafo-Noam, A. (2015). Prosocial development. In M. E. Lamb, & C. Garcia Coll (Vol. Eds.), R. M. Lerner (Series Ed.), Handbook of Child Psychology, Vol. 3, Social, emotional, and personality development (7th ed., pp. 610-656). New York: Wiley.
[25]	Flynn, E., Ehrenreich, S. E., Beron, K. J., & Underwood, M. K. (2015). Prosocial behavior: Long‐term trajectories and psychosocial outcomes. Social Development, 24(3), 462-482. https://doi.org/10.1111/sode.12100
[26]	Giros, B., Jaber, M., Jones, S. R., Wightman, R. M., & Caron, M. G. (1996). Hyperlocomotion and indifference to cocaine and amphetamine in mice lacking the dopamine transporter. Nature, 379(6566), 606-612. https://doi.org/10.1038/379606a0
[27]	Harbaugh, W. T., Mayr, U., & Burghart, D. R. (2007). Neural responses to taxation and voluntary giving reveal motives for charitable donations. Science, 316(5831), 1622-1625. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1140738 URL pmid: 17569866
[28]	Hastings, P., Miller, J., & Troxel, N. R. (2015). Making good:The socialization of children’s prosocial development. In J. Grusec, & P. D. Hastings (Eds.), Handbook of socialization: Theory and research (pp. 637-666). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
[29]	Hoffman, M. L. (2000). Empathy and moral development: Implications for caring and justice. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
[30]	Hollarek, M., & Lee, N. C. (2022). Current understanding of developmental changes in adolescent perspective taking. Current Opinion in Psychology, 45, 101308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101308
[31]	Janssens, A., Van Den Noortgate, W., Goossens, L., Verschueren, K., Colpin, H., Claes, S.,... Van Leeuwen, K. (2017). Adolescent externalizing behaviour, psychological control, and peer rejection: Transactional links and dopaminergic moderation. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 35(3), 420-438. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjdp.12184 doi: 10.1111/bjdp.12184 URL pmid: 28338224
[32]	Kageyama, I., Yamada, H., Munetsuna, E., Yamazaki, M., Ando, Y., Mizuno, G.,... Ohashi, K. (2022). Differential effects of excess high-fructose corn syrup on the DNA methylation of hippocampal neurotrophic factor in childhood and adolescence. PloS One, 17(6), e0270144. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0270144
[33]	Knafo, A., Israel, S., & Ebstein, R. P. (2011). Heritability of children’s prosocial behavior and differential susceptibility to parenting by variation in the dopamine receptor D4 gene. Development and Psychopathology, 23(1), 53-67. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579410000647
[34]	Knafo, A., & Plomin, R. (2006). Prosocial behavior from early to middle childhood: Genetic and environmental influences on stability and change. Developmental Psychology, 42(5), 771-786. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.42.5.771 doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.42.5.771 URL pmid: 16953685
[35]	Lachman, H. M., Papolos, D. F., Saito, T., Yu, Y. M., Szumlanski, C. L., & Weinshilboum, R. M. (1996). Human catechol-O-methyltransferase pharmacogenetics: Description of a functional polymorphism and its potential application to neuropsychiatric disorders. Pharmacogenetics and Genomics, 6(3), 243-250. https://doi.org/10.1097/00008571-199606000-00007
[36]	Lewis, D. A., Melchitzky, D. S., Sesack, S. R., Whitehead, R. E., Auh, S., & Sampson, A. (2001). Dopamine transporter immunoreactivity in monkey cerebral cortex: Regional, laminar, and ultrastructural localization. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 432(1), 119-136. https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.1092 URL pmid: 11241381
[37]	Luengo Kanacri, B. P., Pastorelli, C., Eisenberg, N., Zuffianò, A., & Caprara, G. V. (2013). The development of prosociality from adolescence to early adulthood: The role of effortful control. Journal of Personality, 81(3), 302-312. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12001 doi: 10.1111/jopy.12001 URL pmid: 22924862
[38]	Maner, J. K., DeWall, C. N., Baumeister, R. F., & Schaller, M. (2007). Does social exclusion motivate interpersonal reconnection? Resolving the “porcupine problem”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(1), 42-55. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.92.1.42 doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.92.1.42 URL pmid: 17201541
[39]	Matsumoto, M., Weickert, C. S., Beltaifa, S., Kolachana, B., Chen, J., Hyde, T. M.,... Kleinman, J. E. (2003). Catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) mRNA expression in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of patients with schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology, 28(8), 1521-1530. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.npp.1300218 URL pmid: 12799619
[40]	Meaney, M. J., & Szyf, M. (2005). Environmental programming of stress responses through DNA methylation: Life at the interface between a dynamic environment and a fixed genome. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 7(2), 103-123. https://doi.org/10.31887/DCNS.2005.7.2/mmeaney URL pmid: 16262207
[41]	Noble, E. P., Gottschalk, L. A., Fallon, J. H., Ritchie, T. L., & Wu, J. C. (1997). D2 dopamine receptor polymorphism and brain regional glucose metabolism. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 74(2), 162-166. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19970418)74:2<162::aid-ajmg9>3.0.co;2-w URL pmid: 9129716
[42]	Pinsonneault, J. K., Han, D. D., Burdick, K. E., Kataki, M., Bertolino, A., Malhotra, A. K., Gu, H., & Sadee, W. (2011). Dopamine transporter gene variant affecting expression in human brain is associated with bipolar disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology, 36(8), 1644-1655. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2011.45 doi: 10.1038/npp.2011.45 URL pmid: 21525861
[43]	Ritchie, T., & Noble, E. P. (2003). Association of seven polymorphisms of the D2 dopamine receptor gene with brain receptor-binding characteristics. Neurochemical Research, 28(1), 73-82. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021648128758 doi: 10.1023/a:1021648128758 URL pmid: 12587665
[44]	Rodkin, P. C., Ryan, A. M., Jamison, R., & Wilson, T. (2013). Social goals, social behavior, and social status in middle childhood. Developmental Psychology, 49(6), 1139-1150. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029389 doi: 10.1037/a0029389 URL pmid: 22822934
[45]	Salmivalli, C., & Isaacs, J. (2005). Prospective relations among victimization, rejection, friendlessness, and children’s self- and peer-perceptions. Child Development, 76(6), 1161-1171. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2005.00841.x-i1 URL pmid: 16274432
[46]	Schott, B. H., Minuzzi, L., Krebs, R. M., Elmenhorst, D., Lang, M., Winz, O. H.,... Bauer, A. (2008). Mesolimbic functional magnetic resonance imaging activations during reward anticipation correlate with reward-related ventral striatal dopamine release. Journal of Neuroscience, 28(52), 14311-14319. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2058-08.2008 doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2058-08.2008 URL pmid: 19109512
[47]	Somerville, L. H., Jones, R. M., & Casey, B. J. (2010). A time of change: Behavioral and neural correlates of adolescent sensitivity to appetitive and aversive environmental cues. Brain and Cognition, 72(1), 124-133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2009.07.003 doi: 10.1016/j.bandc.2009.07.003 URL pmid: 19695759
[48]	Steinberg, L. (2022). Adolescence (13th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
[49]	Sugimura, N., & Rudolph, K. D. (2012). Temperamental differences in children’s reactions to peer victimization. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 41(3), 314-328. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2012.656555
[50]	Tang, L., Liu, Y. L., & Yang, Y. K. (2022). The cognitive processes and neural bases of prosocial behavior. Psychological Development and Education, 38(3), 437-446. https://doi.org/10.16187/j.cnki.issn1001-4918.2022.03.15
	[唐蕾, 刘衍玲, 杨营凯. (2022). 亲社会行为的认知过程及脑神经基础. 心理发展与教育, 38(3), 437-446.]
[51]	Toseeb, U., & St Clair, M. C. (2020). Trajectories of prosociality from early to middle childhood in children at risk of developmental language disorder. Journal of Communication Disorders, 85, 105984. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomdis.2020.105984
[52]	Tremblay, R. E., Vitaro, F., Gagnon, C., Piché, C., & Royer, N. (1992). A prosocial scale for the Preschool Behaviour Questionnaire: Concurrent and predictive correlates. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 15(2), 227-245. https://doi.org/10.1177/016502549201500204.
[53]	Twenge, J. M., Ciarocco, N. J., Baumeister, R. F., DeWall, C. N., & Bartels, J. M. (2007). Social exclusion decreases prosocial behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(1), 56-66. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.92.1.56 URL pmid: 17201542
[54]	Van der Graaff, J., Carlo, G., Crocetti, E., Koot, H. M., & Branje, S. (2018). Prosocial behavior in adolescence: Gender differences in development and links with empathy. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 47(5), 1086-1099. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-017-0786-1 doi: 10.1007/s10964-017-0786-1 URL pmid: 29185207
[55]	Volk, A. A., Camilleri, J. A., Dane, A. V., & Marini, Z. A. (2012). Is adolescent bullying an evolutionary adaptation? Aggressive Behavior, 38(3), 222-238. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21418 doi: 10.1002/ab.21418 URL pmid: 22331629
[56]	Wahlstrom, D., Collins, P., White, T., & Luciana, M. (2010). Developmental changes in dopamine neurotransmission in adolescence: Behavioral implications and issues in assessment. Brain and Cognition, 72(1), 146-159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2009.10.013 doi: 10.1016/j.bandc.2009.10.013 URL pmid: 19944514
[57]	Waldeck, D., Tyndall, I., & Chmiel, N. (2015). Resilience to ostracism: A qualitative inquiry. The Qualitative Report, 20(10), 1646-1670. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2015.2346
[58]	Wang, T., & Qi, W. (2023). Mindfulness may buffer the longitudinal influence of peer rejection on adolescents’ prosocial behavior: A cross-lagged study. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 40(9), 3051-3064. https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1041.2011.00294
[59]	Wentzel, K. R. (2014). Prosocial behavior and peer relations in adolescence. In L. M. Padilla-Walker, & G. Carlo (Eds.), Prosocial development: A multidimensional approach (pp. 178-200). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
[60]	White, R. M. B., Nair, R. L., & Bradley, R. H. (2018). Theorizing the benefits and costs of adaptive cultures for development. American Psychologist, 73(6), 727-739. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000237 doi: 10.1037/amp0000237 URL pmid: 30188162
[61]	Williams, K. D. (2009). Ostracism:A temporal need-threat model. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 41, pp. 275-314). Elsevier Academic Press.
[62]	Yao, Z., & Enright, R. (2023). Social class and prosocial behavior in early adolescence: The moderating roles of family and school factors. Journal of Moral Education, 52(3), 310-324. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057240.2022.2031920
[63]	Zhang, W. X., Li, X., Chen, G. H., & Cao, Y. M. (2021). The relationship between positive parenting and adolescent prosocial behaviour: The mediating role of empathy and the moderating role of the oxytocin receptor gene. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 53(9), 976-991. https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1041.2021.00976. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1041.2021.00976 URL
	[张文新, 李曦, 陈光辉, 曹衍淼. (2021). 母亲积极教养与青少年亲社会行为: 共情的中介作用与OXTR基因的调节作用. 心理学报, 53(9), 976-991.] doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1041.2021.00976
[64]	Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J., Geiger, T. C., & Crick, N. R. (2005). Relational and physical aggression, prosocial behavior, and peer relations: Gender moderation and bidirectional associations. Journal of Early Adolescence, 25(4), 421-452. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431605279841.

位点	MAF	H-W (χ²)	编码方式
位点	MAF	H-W (χ²)	0	1	2
rs4680	25.2%	2.06 (p = 0.15)	ValVal (593)	ValMet (376)	MetMet (75)
rs1079598	43.8%	0.76 (p = 0.38)	TT (337)	CT (500)	CC (207)
rs27072	22.8%	1.41 (p = 0.24)	TT (61)	CT (354)	CC (629)

位点	MAF	H-W (χ²)	编码方式
位点	MAF	H-W (χ²)	0	1	2
rs4680	25.2%	2.06 (p = 0.15)	ValVal (593)	ValMet (376)	MetMet (75)
rs1079598	43.8%	0.76 (p = 0.38)	TT (337)	CT (500)	CC (207)
rs27072	22.8%	1.41 (p = 0.24)	TT (61)	CT (354)	CC (629)

变量	M	SD	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8
1 SES	0.00	0.77	1
2 多基因累加分	—	—	0.01	1
3 T1同伴拒绝	−0.14	0.75	−0.11^***	0.01	1
4 T2同伴拒绝	−0.12	0.78	−0.06	0.01	0.70^***	1
5 T3同伴拒绝	−0.08	0.83	−0.07^*	−0.03	0.64^***	0.76^***	1
6 T1亲社会行为	1.62	0.53	0.09^**	0.07^*	−0.40^***	−0.36^***	−0.33^***	1
7 T2亲社会行为	1.79	0.47	0.06^*	0.05	−0.34^***	−0.41^***	−0.34^***	0.73^***	1
8 T3亲社会行为	2.01	0.42	0.09^**	0.04	−0.31^***	−0.33^***	−0.37^***	0.65^***	0.73^***	1

变量	M	SD	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8
1 SES	0.00	0.77	1
2 多基因累加分	—	—	0.01	1
3 T1同伴拒绝	−0.14	0.75	−0.11^***	0.01	1
4 T2同伴拒绝	−0.12	0.78	−0.06	0.01	0.70^***	1
5 T3同伴拒绝	−0.08	0.83	−0.07^*	−0.03	0.64^***	0.76^***	1
6 T1亲社会行为	1.62	0.53	0.09^**	0.07^*	−0.40^***	−0.36^***	−0.33^***	1
7 T2亲社会行为	1.79	0.47	0.06^*	0.05	−0.34^***	−0.41^***	−0.34^***	0.73^***	1
8 T3亲社会行为	2.01	0.42	0.09^**	0.04	−0.31^***	−0.33^***	−0.37^***	0.65^***	0.73^***	1

模型	CFI	TLI	RMSEA	SRMR	ΔCFI	ΔRMSEA
形态等值模型M₁	0.925	0.904	0.098	0.045	—	—
弱等值模型M₂	0.923	0.908	0.096	0.050	−0.002	−0.002
强等值模型M₃	0.922	0.892	0.104	0.126	−0.003	0.006