6个月婴儿社会评价的个体差异初探

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2025.0559

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

2007年Hamlin等人在《自然》上发表的研究表明6个月婴儿具备社会评价能力, 对个体在社会互动中的“帮助”和“阻碍”行为产生不同反应, 并对帮助者表现出偏好。此后, 不断有学者对此结果的可复制性提出质疑。本研究采用Hamlin等人(2007)经典的“帮助者—阻碍者”选择范式和预期违背范式, 考察了我国婴儿(月龄6.32 ± 0.34; 共179名, 其中女孩86名)在社会评价任务中的选择偏好和注视时长, 及其与婴儿气质的关系。本研究结果显示, 在预期违背任务中, 当第三方接近“阻碍者”时婴儿的注视时长显著高于当第三方接近“帮助者”时的注视时长; 但在行为选择任务中, 婴儿并未表现出Hamlin等人报告的帮助者偏好。然而, 在气质的外向性维度上得分更高的婴儿越有可能在手动选择任务中选择“帮助者”。上述结果说明, 6个月婴儿可能已经具备社会评价能力, 能够理解行为并推断他人评价, 但是这种能力存在一定的个体差异, 这种差异可能与婴儿的气质有关。

关键词: 婴儿, 社会评价, 个体差异, 气质

Abstract:

Social evaluation refers to the capacity of a human being to assess the behavior and intention of others in a social context. As social beings, humans inhabit a profoundly interconnected world characterized by unceasing interpersonal interactions. Under this background, the manner in which individuals evaluate their peers acts as the foundation for comprehending the world. In particular, early social assessment serves as a precursor variable in the development of moral and prosocial behaviors in subsequent years. It is a pivotal factor in shaping an individual’s future prosocial tendencies. On the one hand, social evaluation aids in identifying suitable social companions, avoiding inappropriate or hazardous individuals, and making judicious decisions. On the other hand, it assumes a pivotal role in kindling an individual’s prosocial inclinations, guiding prudent behavioral choices, molding prosocial conduct, and fostering moral maturation.

Social evaluation capacity among adults primarily manifests through their quick acquisition of meaningful insights from the emotional, behavioral, and postural cues of others, enabling them to formulate corresponding assessments and behavioral responses. Similarly, infants exhibit the capacity to discern behavioral cues exhibited by others during social interactions, extrapolating insights into their motives and intentions and making apt assessments.

In 2007, Hamlin et al. published a study in Nature that reported that 6-month-old infants possessed social evaluative skills, responding differently to the “helping” and “hindering” behaviors of individuals during social interactions and showing greater preference for helpers (prosocial agents). Since then, researchers have continuously challenged the replicability of this result. In the present study, we used the classic “helper− hinderer” choice paradigm of Hamlin et al. (2007) and a violation of the expectation paradigm to examine the choice preferences and gaze duration of Chinese infants (age: 6.32 ± 0.34 months; total of 179, 86 were girls) in a social evaluation task, and their relationship with the temperament of infants. The results of the present study showed that the gaze duration of infants was significantly higher when a third party approached the hinderer than when a third party approached the helper in an expectation violation task. However, infants did not show a preference for the helper in the behavioral choice task as reported by Hamlin et al. Infants who scored higher in the surgency dimension of temperament were more likely to choose “helper” in the manual choice task.

In general, the results suggested that 6-month-old infants may already exhibit social evaluation ability to understand the behavior of others and infer their evaluation. However, individual differences are observed in this ability, which may be related to the temperament of infants.

Key words: infants, social evaluation, individual differences, temperament

中图分类号:

B844

吴楣, 梁熙, 时嘉惠, 王争艳. (2025). 6个月婴儿社会评价的个体差异初探. 心理学报, 57(4), 559-572.

WU Mei, LIANG Xi, SHI Jiahui, WANG Zhengyan. (2025). Individual differences in the social evaluation of 6-month-old infants. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 57(4), 559-572.

图/表 5

图1 实验程序注：以习惯化阶段黄色三角形“帮助者”, 蓝色正方形“阻碍者”为例。图1a左图为“帮助者”试次, 箭头向上表示“帮助者”帮助“爬山者”爬上山坡; 右图为“阻碍者”试次, 箭头向下表示“阻碍者”将“爬山者”推下山坡。图1b左图为“爬山者”接近“帮助者”, 即预期内事件, 箭头向左表示“爬山者”接近“帮助者”; 右图为“爬山者”接近“阻碍者”, 即预期违背事件, 箭头向右表示“爬山者”接近“阻碍者”。彩图见电子版, 下同。

图2 婴儿预期违背任务和手动选择任务结果

图3 预期违背任务与手动选择任务结果

图4 气质与社会评价各指标相关图注：手动选择(0 = 阻碍者, 1 = 帮助者), 下三角为r值, 上三角为BF10+p < 0.10, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01; +BF10 > 3, *BF10 > 10, **BF10 > 30, ***BF10 > 100, 下同。

表1 预测手动选择的二元Logistic回归分析

预测因素	B	SE B	Wald χ²	p	OR	95% CI OR
外向性	0.68	0.25	7.10	0.008^**	1.97	[1.19, 3.24]
消极情绪性	0.04	0.24	0.02	0.88	1.04	[0.65, 1.65]
调节性	0.11	0.34	0.10	0.75	1.11	[0.57, 2.17]
常量	−0.08	0.16	0.24	0.62	0.92

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