A brain network study on the influence of a depressive tendency on self-focused reappraisal and situation-focused reappraisal

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2025.0232

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SUN Yan, WANG Yijin, HOU Peiyu, FENG Xue, LAN Fan. (2025). A brain network study on the influence of a depressive tendency on self-focused reappraisal and situation-focused reappraisal. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 57(2), 232-246.

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URL: https://journal.psych.ac.cn/acps/EN/10.3724/SP.J.1041.2025.0232

https://journal.psych.ac.cn/acps/EN/Y2025/V57/I2/232

Figures/Tables 10

Table 1 Subject group information and scale scores

Project name	Depressive tendency group (n = 38)	Healthy control group (n = 41)	p
Gender (male/female)	13/25	18/23	0.378^a
Age	20.90(2.15)	21.63(2.42)	0.156^b
Beck Depression Inventory	20.34(5.32)	4.51(4.04)	0.001^b
Self-rating Depression Scale	60.13(6.63)	40.69(7.46)	0.001^b
Positive and Negative Affect Scale
Positive Affect	27.55(4.86)	34.34(6.88)	0.001^b
Negative Affect	25.63(7.61)	17.90(6.97)	0.001^b

Table 1 Subject group information and scale scores

Project name	Depressive tendency group (n = 38)	Healthy control group (n = 41)	p
Gender (male/female)	13/25	18/23	0.378^a
Age	20.90(2.15)	21.63(2.42)	0.156^b
Beck Depression Inventory	20.34(5.32)	4.51(4.04)	0.001^b
Self-rating Depression Scale	60.13(6.63)	40.69(7.46)	0.001^b
Positive and Negative Affect Scale
Positive Affect	27.55(4.86)	34.34(6.88)	0.001^b
Negative Affect	25.63(7.61)	17.90(6.97)	0.001^b

Table 2 Subjective experience rating of two groups of participants under 4 kinds of emotion regulation conditions

Group/ Subjective experience rating	Cognitive reappraisal condition
Group/ Subjective experience rating	Watch neutral	View negative	Situation-focused reappraisal	Self-focused reappraisal
Depressive tendency group
Valence	5.15(0.50)	2.94(0.71)	4.66(1.20)	3.98(0.82)
Arousal	4.49(1.15)	6.00(1.23)	5.72(1.12)	4.92(1.43)
Healthy control group
Valence	5.35(0.51)	3.21(0.87)	5.14(1.24)	4.26(0.94)
Arousal	4.41(1.04)	5.86(1.19)	5.65(1.05)	4.92(1.30)

Table 2 Subjective experience rating of two groups of participants under 4 kinds of emotion regulation conditions

Group/ Subjective experience rating	Cognitive reappraisal condition
Group/ Subjective experience rating	Watch neutral	View negative	Situation-focused reappraisal	Self-focused reappraisal
Depressive tendency group
Valence	5.15(0.50)	2.94(0.71)	4.66(1.20)	3.98(0.82)
Arousal	4.49(1.15)	6.00(1.23)	5.72(1.12)	4.92(1.43)
Healthy control group
Valence	5.35(0.51)	3.21(0.87)	5.14(1.24)	4.26(0.94)
Arousal	4.41(1.04)	5.86(1.19)	5.65(1.05)	4.92(1.30)

Table 3 Global network features scores for each metric

frequency band	Global network features	depressive	healthy	depressive	healthy	depressive	healthy	depressive	healthy
frequency band	Global network features	Watch neutral		View negative		Situation-focused		Self-focused
alpha	L	0.960 (0.003)	0.960 (0.005)	0.962 (0.011)	0.961 (0.005)	0.960 (0.004)	0.962 (0.006)	0.961 (0.004)	0.960 (0.005)
	E_g	0.522 (0.001)	0.522 (0.001)	0.521 (0.003)	0.522 (0.002)	0.522 (0.001)	0.521 (0.002)	0.522 (0.001)	0.522 (0.002)
	C	0.418 (0.021)	0.419 (0.023)	0.419 (0.022)	0.425 (0.021)	0.417 (0.017)	0.424 (0.020)	0.415 (0.015)	0.422 (0.019)
	E_loc	0.549 (0.012)	0.549 (0.014)	0.548 (0.012)	0.552 (0.012)	0.548 (0.009)	0.552 (0.012)	0.548 (0.010)	0.551 (0.011)
	maxBC	76.221 (15.335)	83.246 (28.481)	72.138 (16.785)	78.509 (27.021)	73.735 (18.751)	79.207 (21.809)	75.836 (25.410)	78.516 (16.480)
gamma	L	0.961 (0.004)	0.960 (0.004)	0.961 (0.004)	0.960 (0.004)	0.960 (0.005)	0.960 (0.005)	0.959 (0.003)	0.959 (0.004)
	E_g	0.522 (0.001)	0.522 (0.001)	0.522 (0.001)	0.522 (0.001)	0.522 (0.002)	0.522 (0.001)	0.522 (0.001)	0.522 (0.001)
	C	0.428 (0.020)	0.441 (0.026)	0.431 (0.025)	0.439 (0.027)	0.427 (0.021)	0.440 (0.023)	0.432 (0.022)	0.448 (0.027)
	E_loc	0.555 (0.012)	0.562 (0.015)	0.555 (0.015)	0.561 (0.015)	0.554 (0.013)	0.562 (0.014)	0.558 (0.013)	0.566 (0.015)
	maxBC	75.134 (19.386)	88.831 (28.774)	85.657 (23.989)	91.325 (20.510)	84.781 (25.612)	96.891 (29.638)	89.428 (25.996)	95.862 (25.293)

Table 3 Global network features scores for each metric

frequency band	Global network features	depressive	healthy	depressive	healthy	depressive	healthy	depressive	healthy
frequency band	Global network features	Watch neutral		View negative		Situation-focused		Self-focused
alpha	L	0.960 (0.003)	0.960 (0.005)	0.962 (0.011)	0.961 (0.005)	0.960 (0.004)	0.962 (0.006)	0.961 (0.004)	0.960 (0.005)
	E_g	0.522 (0.001)	0.522 (0.001)	0.521 (0.003)	0.522 (0.002)	0.522 (0.001)	0.521 (0.002)	0.522 (0.001)	0.522 (0.002)
	C	0.418 (0.021)	0.419 (0.023)	0.419 (0.022)	0.425 (0.021)	0.417 (0.017)	0.424 (0.020)	0.415 (0.015)	0.422 (0.019)
	E_loc	0.549 (0.012)	0.549 (0.014)	0.548 (0.012)	0.552 (0.012)	0.548 (0.009)	0.552 (0.012)	0.548 (0.010)	0.551 (0.011)
	maxBC	76.221 (15.335)	83.246 (28.481)	72.138 (16.785)	78.509 (27.021)	73.735 (18.751)	79.207 (21.809)	75.836 (25.410)	78.516 (16.480)
gamma	L	0.961 (0.004)	0.960 (0.004)	0.961 (0.004)	0.960 (0.004)	0.960 (0.005)	0.960 (0.005)	0.959 (0.003)	0.959 (0.004)
	E_g	0.522 (0.001)	0.522 (0.001)	0.522 (0.001)	0.522 (0.001)	0.522 (0.002)	0.522 (0.001)	0.522 (0.001)	0.522 (0.001)
	C	0.428 (0.020)	0.441 (0.026)	0.431 (0.025)	0.439 (0.027)	0.427 (0.021)	0.440 (0.023)	0.432 (0.022)	0.448 (0.027)
	E_loc	0.555 (0.012)	0.562 (0.015)	0.555 (0.015)	0.561 (0.015)	0.554 (0.013)	0.562 (0.014)	0.558 (0.013)	0.566 (0.015)
	maxBC	75.134 (19.386)	88.831 (28.774)	85.657 (23.989)	91.325 (20.510)	84.781 (25.612)	96.891 (29.638)	89.428 (25.996)	95.862 (25.293)

Table 4 p-values of the analysis of variance for global network features indicators

frequency band	Global network features	Group			Cognitive reappraisal condition			Group×Cognitive reappraisal condition
frequency band	Global network features	F	p	Η_p²	F	p	η_p²	F	p	η_p²
alpha	L	0.02	0.895	0.00	2.10	0.123	0.03	0.99	0.379	0.01
	E_g	0.011	0.917	0.00	2.18	0.111	0.03	0.91	0.410	0.01
	C	3.04	0.085	0.04	0.62	0.600	0.01	0.58	0.632	0.01
	E_loc	2.81	0.098	0.04	0.17	0.915	0.00	0.52	0.672	0.01
	maxBC	3.11	0.082	0.04	0.700	0.553	0.01	0.19	0.908	0.00
gamma	L	1.85	0.178	0.02	1.21	0.308	0.02	0.63	0.599	0.01
	E_g	2.03	0.158	0.03	1.28	0.283	0.02	0.60	0.616	0.01
	C	8.29	0.005^*	0.10	2.58	0.055	0.03	0.68	0.567	0.01
	E_loc	8.33	0.005^*	0.10	3.04	0.030^*	0.04	0.21	0.892	0.00
	maxBC	7.16	0.009^*	0.09	3.33	0.020^*	0.04	0.62	0.603	0.01

Table 4 p-values of the analysis of variance for global network features indicators

frequency band	Global network features	Group			Cognitive reappraisal condition			Group×Cognitive reappraisal condition
frequency band	Global network features	F	p	Η_p²	F	p	η_p²	F	p	η_p²
alpha	L	0.02	0.895	0.00	2.10	0.123	0.03	0.99	0.379	0.01
	E_g	0.011	0.917	0.00	2.18	0.111	0.03	0.91	0.410	0.01
	C	3.04	0.085	0.04	0.62	0.600	0.01	0.58	0.632	0.01
	E_loc	2.81	0.098	0.04	0.17	0.915	0.00	0.52	0.672	0.01
	maxBC	3.11	0.082	0.04	0.700	0.553	0.01	0.19	0.908	0.00
gamma	L	1.85	0.178	0.02	1.21	0.308	0.02	0.63	0.599	0.01
	E_g	2.03	0.158	0.03	1.28	0.283	0.02	0.60	0.616	0.01
	C	8.29	0.005^*	0.10	2.58	0.055	0.03	0.68	0.567	0.01
	E_loc	8.33	0.005^*	0.10	3.04	0.030^*	0.04	0.21	0.892	0.00
	maxBC	7.16	0.009^*	0.09	3.33	0.020^*	0.04	0.62	0.603	0.01

Figure 1. C、E_loc, and maxBC results for depressive tendency and healthy control groups under different cognitive reappraisal conditions.

Figure 1. C、Eloc, and maxBC results for depressive tendency and healthy control groups under different cognitive reappraisal conditions.

Table 5 Between-group differences in localized network characteristics in alpha frequency bands under different cognitive reappraisal conditions

Cognitive reappraisal condition	Comparison of the average number of nodes in the two groups	Encephalic region	BA	p
Watch neutral	depressive tendency group>healthy control group	Right precental gyrus	6	0.008^a
Watch neutral	depressive tendency group>healthy control group	left parietal lobule	7	0.043^a
View negative	depressive tendency group>healthy control group	Left anterior cingulate cortex	32	0.001^*
		Right parahippocampal gyrus	30	0.010^*
		Left posterior cingulate gyrus	29	0.029^*
		Right posterior cingulate gyrus	29	0.035^*
	depressive tendency group<healthy control group	Left middle temporal gyrus/superior temporal gyrus	38	0.014^*
		Right postcentral gyrus	2	0.021^*
		Left inferior frontal gyrus	20	0.046^*
		Left Postcentral gyrus	43	0.046^*
Situation-focused reappraisal	depressive tendency group>healthy control group	Left precental gyrus	44	0.032^a
	depressive tendency group<healthy control group	Left inferior frontal gyrus	47	0.001^a
		Right superior parietal lobule	7	0.013^a
		Right middle temporal gyrus/superior temporal gyrus	39	0.034^a
		Right postcentral gyrus	5	0.044^a
		Right inferior frontal gyrus	9	0.045^a
Self-focused reappraisal	depressive tendency group>healthy control group	Right posterior cingulate gyrus	29	0.028^a
Self-focused reappraisal	depressive tendency group<healthy control group	Right superior temporal gyrus	38	0.023^a

Table 5 Between-group differences in localized network characteristics in alpha frequency bands under different cognitive reappraisal conditions

Cognitive reappraisal condition	Comparison of the average number of nodes in the two groups	Encephalic region	BA	p
Watch neutral	depressive tendency group>healthy control group	Right precental gyrus	6	0.008^a
Watch neutral	depressive tendency group>healthy control group	left parietal lobule	7	0.043^a
View negative	depressive tendency group>healthy control group	Left anterior cingulate cortex	32	0.001^*
		Right parahippocampal gyrus	30	0.010^*
		Left posterior cingulate gyrus	29	0.029^*
		Right posterior cingulate gyrus	29	0.035^*
	depressive tendency group<healthy control group	Left middle temporal gyrus/superior temporal gyrus	38	0.014^*
		Right postcentral gyrus	2	0.021^*
		Left inferior frontal gyrus	20	0.046^*
		Left Postcentral gyrus	43	0.046^*
Situation-focused reappraisal	depressive tendency group>healthy control group	Left precental gyrus	44	0.032^a
	depressive tendency group<healthy control group	Left inferior frontal gyrus	47	0.001^a
		Right superior parietal lobule	7	0.013^a
		Right middle temporal gyrus/superior temporal gyrus	39	0.034^a
		Right postcentral gyrus	5	0.044^a
		Right inferior frontal gyrus	9	0.045^a
Self-focused reappraisal	depressive tendency group>healthy control group	Right posterior cingulate gyrus	29	0.028^a
Self-focused reappraisal	depressive tendency group<healthy control group	Right superior temporal gyrus	38	0.023^a

Figure 2. Brain areas with differences in local attributes between the two groups of subjects under different cognitive reappraisal condition.
Note. a: watch neutral, b: View negative, c. self-focused reappraisal, d. Self-focused reappraisal. Different colors indicate different brain regions: red for the frontal lobe, yellow for the temporal lobe, green for the occipital lobe, blue for the parietal lobe, purple for the limbic lobe. Brain regions were mapped using the BrainNet Viewer toolbox.

Figure 2. Brain areas with differences in local attributes between the two groups of subjects under different cognitive reappraisal condition.Note. a: watch neutral, b: View negative, c. self-focused reappraisal, d. Self-focused reappraisal. Different colors indicate different brain regions: red for the frontal lobe, yellow for the temporal lobe, green for the occipital lobe, blue for the parietal lobe, purple for the limbic lobe. Brain regions were mapped using the BrainNet Viewer toolbox.

Table 6 Between-group differences in localized network characteristics in gamma frequency bands under different cognitive reappraisal conditions

Cognitive reappraisal condition	Comparison of the average number of nodes in the two groups	Encephalic region	BA	p
Watch neutral	depressive tendency group>healthy control group	Left parahippocampal gyrus	35	0.002^*
		Left anterior cingulate cortex	24	0.014^*
		Right posterior cingulate gyrus	30	0.017^*
		Left posterior cingulate gyrus	29	0.021^*
		Right posterior cingulate gyrus	29	0.023^*
		Left parahippocampal gyrus	36	0.023^*
		Left parahippocampal gyrus	28	0.031^*
		Left parahippocampal gyrus	27	0.043^*
View negative	depressive tendency group>healthy control group	Left posterior cingulate gyrus	29	0.024^*
		Right superior temporal gyrus	22	0.027^*
		Left parahippocampal gyrus	27	0.029^*
		Left superior temporal gyrus	42	0.031^*
		Right postcentral gyrus	3	0.033^*
		Left parahippocampal gyrus	30	0.039^*
	depressive tendency group<healthy control group	Right middle temporal gyrus	37	0.012^*
	depressive tendency group<healthy control group	Left inferior parietal lobule	40	0.018^*
Situation-focused reappraisal	depressive tendency group>healthy control group	Left posterior cingulate gyrus	29	0.003^*
		Right posterior cingulate gyrus	23	0.003^*
		Right posterior cingulate gyrus	29	0.009^*
		Left middle temporal gyrus	8	0.021^*
		Left parahippocampal gyrus	27	0.030^*
		Right precental gyrus	4	0.048^*
Self-focused reappraisal	depressive tendency group>healthy control group	Left parahippocampal gyrus	35	0.004^*
		Left parahippocampal gyrus	27	0.037^*
		Left parahippocampal gyrus	36	0.007^*
		Left parahippocampal gyrus	28	0.018^*
		Right parahippocampal gyrus	35	0.021^*
		Right parahippocampal gyrus	36	0.030^*
		Right posterior cingulate gyrus	30	0.032^*
		Left posterior cingulate gyrus	29	0.032^*
		Right precental gyrus	4	0.035^*
		Right postcentral gyrus	3	0.045^*

Table 6 Between-group differences in localized network characteristics in gamma frequency bands under different cognitive reappraisal conditions

Cognitive reappraisal condition	Comparison of the average number of nodes in the two groups	Encephalic region	BA	p
Watch neutral	depressive tendency group>healthy control group	Left parahippocampal gyrus	35	0.002^*
		Left anterior cingulate cortex	24	0.014^*
		Right posterior cingulate gyrus	30	0.017^*
		Left posterior cingulate gyrus	29	0.021^*
		Right posterior cingulate gyrus	29	0.023^*
		Left parahippocampal gyrus	36	0.023^*
		Left parahippocampal gyrus	28	0.031^*
		Left parahippocampal gyrus	27	0.043^*
View negative	depressive tendency group>healthy control group	Left posterior cingulate gyrus	29	0.024^*
		Right superior temporal gyrus	22	0.027^*
		Left parahippocampal gyrus	27	0.029^*
		Left superior temporal gyrus	42	0.031^*
		Right postcentral gyrus	3	0.033^*
		Left parahippocampal gyrus	30	0.039^*
	depressive tendency group<healthy control group	Right middle temporal gyrus	37	0.012^*
	depressive tendency group<healthy control group	Left inferior parietal lobule	40	0.018^*
Situation-focused reappraisal	depressive tendency group>healthy control group	Left posterior cingulate gyrus	29	0.003^*
		Right posterior cingulate gyrus	23	0.003^*
		Right posterior cingulate gyrus	29	0.009^*
		Left middle temporal gyrus	8	0.021^*
		Left parahippocampal gyrus	27	0.030^*
		Right precental gyrus	4	0.048^*
Self-focused reappraisal	depressive tendency group>healthy control group	Left parahippocampal gyrus	35	0.004^*
		Left parahippocampal gyrus	27	0.037^*
		Left parahippocampal gyrus	36	0.007^*
		Left parahippocampal gyrus	28	0.018^*
		Right parahippocampal gyrus	35	0.021^*
		Right parahippocampal gyrus	36	0.030^*
		Right posterior cingulate gyrus	30	0.032^*
		Left posterior cingulate gyrus	29	0.032^*
		Right precental gyrus	4	0.035^*
		Right postcentral gyrus	3	0.045^*

Figure 3. The scatter plot depicting the correlation between cognitive reappraisal-related global network features and the severity of depressive tendencies in the depression tendency group.

Figure 3. The scatter plot depicting the correlation between cognitive reappraisal-related global network features and the severity of depressive tendencies in the depression tendency group.

Figure 4. The scatter plot depicting the correlation between cognitive reappraisal-related local network features and the severity of depressive tendencies in the depression tendency group.

Figure 4. The scatter plot depicting the correlation between cognitive reappraisal-related local network features and the severity of depressive tendencies in the depression tendency group.

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