ISSN 0439-755X
CN 11-1911/B
主办:中国心理学会
   中国科学院心理研究所
出版:科学出版社

心理学报, 2020, 52(8): 946-957 doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1041.2020.00946

研究报告

自我相关性影响情绪词汇加工的时间进程

张琪1, 邓娜丽1, 姜秀敏2, 李卫君,1

1辽宁师范大学脑与认知神经科学研究中心

2辽宁师范大学体育学院, 大连 116029

The time course of self-relevance affecting emotional word processing

ZHANG Qi1, DENG Nali1, JIANG Xiumin2, LI Weijun,1

1Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116029, China

2School of Physical Education, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116029, China

通讯作者: 李卫君, E-mail:li_wj@126.com

收稿日期: 2019-07-31   网络出版日期: 2020-08-25

基金资助: * 辽宁省自然科学基金项目.  20180550313
教育部人文社会科学研究青年基金项目.  17YJC190013
辽宁省教育厅自然科学基金项目.  LJ2019016

Received: 2019-07-31   Online: 2020-08-25

摘要

在社会交往中, 判断情绪刺激与自我和他人的相关程度对于情绪加工十分重要。本研究利用ERPs技术, 要求被试默读相继呈现的名字(自我、朋友和陌生人)和情绪性词汇(积极、中性和消极), 考察自我相关信息影响情绪词汇加工的动态时间特征及二者的整合机制。结果发现, 在情绪词汇加工早期, 消极词汇相比积极和中性词汇诱发了波幅更大的EPN。在加工晚期, 消极词汇相比中性词汇诱发波幅更小的N400, 并相对中性和积极词汇诱发更大的LPP。更为重要的是, 在LPP时间窗出现情绪效价和自我相关性的交互作用:与自我名字相关的消极词汇比中性词汇诱发了波幅更大的LPP, 与朋友名字相关的消极词汇比中性和积极词汇诱发了波幅更大的LPP, 而与陌生名字相关的各类词汇诱发的LPP波幅无显著差异。该研究表明, 个体对情绪信息非常敏感, 随着加工的深入会体现出不同的认知过程, 并且会根据自我相关性进行过滤, 在加工晚期与自我相关信息进行整合, 表现出自我和朋友相关的消极情绪的加工优势。

关键词: 情绪词汇 ; 自我相关性 ; EPN ; LPP

Abstract

In successful social interactions, distinguishing between our own and another person's emotions is important. For individuals, both self-related information (such as self-name) and emotional stimuli with high sociality or adaptive meaning can automatically capture one's attention, leading to prior and deep processing. Previous studies have confirmed that self-relevance can affect the processing of emotional words. However, there is currently no research using name as a self-relevance clue to investigate whether and how name influences the cognitive processing of emotional words. In the current study, we used names as self-relevance clues to explore the dynamic temporal characteristics of self-related information affecting emotional information and its integration mechanism.

In this study, we used ERP technology and created a 3 (name type: self, friend, unknown) × 3 (emotion type: positive, neutral, negative) within-subjects design. A total of 21 college students (9 males, Mage = 20.4) participated in the experiment. Prior to the experiment, we gathered the participants' own names and their best friends' names, then we found a name that we confirmed was unfamiliar to all participants. All names included three characters. The experimental stimuli were 171 two-character words taken from the Chinese Affective Words System, which included 57 positive, 57 negative and 57 neutral words. The participants were asked to silently read the names (self-name, friend-name and unfamiliar name) and emotional words (positive, neutral and negative) presented in succession, unaware that the presented words were emotional words, while their EEG was recorded.

The ERP results showed the following. (1) The main effect of the emotional words was significant in the early processing stage, and the negative words elicited larger EPN amplitudes (200-300 ms) than the positive and neutral words. (2) In the late processing stage, the emotional words were further processed. The negative words elicited reduced N400 (300-450 ms) compared to the neutral words, and they enhanced LPP compared with the neutral and positive words during 450-650 ms. (3) More importantly, a significant interaction between the names and emotional words was discovered in the LPP time window. The negative words paired with self-names elicited significantly more positive LPP than the neutral words paired with self-names, while the negative words paired with friend-names elicited significantly larger LPP than the positive words and neutral words paired with friend-names. Nevertheless, no significant difference was found among the LPP amplitudes elicited by the three kinds of emotional words paired with unknown names.

Overall, our study demonstrates that there is a processing advantage for negative words in different stages, and self-relevance contained in a name can affect the cognitive processing of emotional words, which mainly occurs in the late stage of emotional lexical processing. Importantly, it seems that individuals first filter information according to whether it is self-related and then process the emotional content (especially negative stimuli) related to themselves or their friends more deeply and elaborately. The negative bias can be explained by the fact that negative stimuli are considered to carry greater informational value than positive stimuli. Therefore, negative stimuli automatically capture more attention and cognitive resources than neutral and positive stimuli, resulting in higher order coding.

Keywords: emotional words ; self-relevance ; EPN ; LPP

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本文引用格式

张琪, 邓娜丽, 姜秀敏, 李卫君. 自我相关性影响情绪词汇加工的时间进程. 心理学报[J], 2020, 52(8): 946-957 doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2020.00946

ZHANG Qi, DENG Nali, JIANG Xiumin, LI Weijun. The time course of self-relevance affecting emotional word processing. Acta Psychologica Sinica[J], 2020, 52(8): 946-957 doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2020.00946

1 引言

在人们的社会交往中, 对自我相关信息的快速觉察和识别非常关键。就个体而言, 具有高社会性或适应性意义的刺激(如自我名字)能够自动捕获注意。例如, 鸡尾酒会效应(cocktail-part effect, 即在不注意或是非常嘈杂的情况下, 比如拥挤的公车或是鸡尾酒会上, 个体也能较为轻易地觉察自我名字)就反映了个体对自我相关信息的高度敏感性(Conway, Cowan, & Bunting, 2001; Harris & Pashler, 2004)。自我名字作为一种重要的自我相关信息, 不仅与自我的内在意义紧密相连, 也是自我的具象化表征, 具有高度的社会相关性(Tacikowski, Brechmann, Marchewka, Jednoróg, Dobrowolny, & Nowicka, 2011)。相关的研究表明, 自我名字的觉察和识别具有高优先性和自动性(Conway et al., 2001; Gronau, Cohen, & Ben-Shakhar, 2003), 且不受或较少受注意资源的限制(Harris & Pashler, 2004; Holeckova, Fischer, Giard, Delpuech, & Morlet, 2006; Tateuchi, Itoh, & Nakada, 2012)。

与自我相关信息类似, 对情绪信息的快速感知与识别对个体行为的调节和控制以及个体的社会适应起着至关重要的作用。情绪刺激由于其本身所固有的意义和突显性能够自动地捕获注意资源并获得进一步的认知加工(Vuilleumier, 2005)。从不同感觉通道对情绪信息加工的研究表明, 具有情绪意义的词汇(Herbert, Kissler, Junghöfer, Peyk, & Rockstroh, 2006; Schupp et al., 2007)和声音(Czigler, Cox, Gyimesi, & Horváth, 2007; Thierry & Roberts, 2007; Brück, Kreifelts, & Wildgruber, 2012)等相较于中性刺激都能够更快地捕获注意资源并得到优先加工。相关的ERP研究显示, 这种由高唤醒度的情绪刺激诱发的脑电效应主要体现在早期的EPN成分(early posterior negativity)和晚期的N400成分以及LPP (late positive potential) 成分上。具体而言, 研究者发现在刺激呈现的200~300 ms内词汇的情绪意义就能够得到快速加工(e.g., Kissler, Herbert, Peyk, & Junghofer, 2007)。例如当被试在阅读词汇时, 消极和积极词汇相对中性词汇诱发了波幅更大的EPN, 它主要反映了情绪性刺激经过早期感知编码后能够获得更多的选择性注意(Schupp et al., 2004)。EPN成分稳定受到情绪刺激的调节, 但是不受任务类型(如被动观看、默读、词汇判断、同类刺激计数)的影响(Kanske & Kotz, 2007; Kissler et al., 2007; Kissler, Herbert, Winkler, & Junghofer, 2009; Herbert, Junghöfer, & Kissler, 2008; Schacht & Sommer, 2009)。在词汇加工晚期, 情绪词的语义分析过程通常比中性词更快, 同时诱发波幅更小的N400, 表明情绪词在语义分析过程中具有优先性, 或者说情绪词相比中性词语义更容易通达(Kanske & Kotz, 2007)。LPP一般开始于刺激呈现300 ms之后, 持续时间较长, 反映了个体进一步的认知加工以及持续性注意、刺激评估和记忆(Hajcak, Macnamara, & Olvet, 2010)。相关ERP研究发现, 情绪词比中性词诱发波幅更大的LPP成分(e.g., Fischler & Bradley, 2006; Herbert et al., 2006), 表明具有情绪意义的刺激由于其内部的动机意义能够得到个体的持续性注意以及进一步的评估加工。此外, 一些研究还发现了反映对情绪刺激的感觉编码和注意定向的早期脑电成分。例如, 消极词比中性词或积极词诱发更大的P1 (Bernat, Bunce, & Shevrin, 2001; Sass et al., 2010); 消极词比积极词(Bernat et al., 2001)或消极词比中性词(Scott, O'Donnell, Leuthold, & Sereno, 2009)诱发更大的N1。也有研究发现情绪词诱发的P2波幅显著大于中性词(Herbert et al., 2006; Kanske & Kotz, 2007)。研究者认为词语中蕴含的情绪信息可以被自动激活, 甚至在词汇通达(200 ms左右)前就获得了加工(见综述: 曹阳, 王琳, 2018)。不过, 这些早期成分上得到的结果并不一致, 有关不同效价情绪词在感知和前语义加工阶段的具体认知过程还有待进一步研究。

现实生活中的情绪信息经常伴随着人物相关信息出现, 与自我相关的情绪性刺激能够更有效地激发个体的动机性注意。因此, 判断情绪信息是否与自我相关, 以及对自我和他人情绪的区分在成功的社会交往中非常重要(Decety & Sommer-ville, 2003)。近年来, 一系列研究考察了自我相关性和情绪信息的整合加工。例如, Shestyuk和Deldin (2010)要求被试判断所呈现的形容词是否描述了他们自己或者Bill Clinton。结果显示, 当被试在判断积极或消极特质形容词是否符合自我时, 积极形容词比消极形容词诱发了波幅更大的LPP, 且自我相关的积极形容词也比非自我相关的积极形容词诱发了更正的LPP。随后研究通过给被试呈现积极或消极的特质形容词, 要求其完成效价归类或特质判断任务也得到了类似结果, 证实了自我积极偏见效应(self- positivity bias, 即相比于消极特质人们更倾向于将积极特质判断为与自我相关) (Chen et al., 2014; Watson, Dritschel, Obonsawin, & Jentzsch, 2007)。

然而, 以上得到自我积极偏见效应的研究, 大部分利用外显的判断任务来操纵自我相关性水平, 利用实验材料控制情绪效价。这种范式无法保证被试将不同效价的情绪信息视为与自我同等程度相关, 因为个体可以随意地将消极刺激判断为与自我无关, 同时可能对满足自我积极偏见的信息更感兴趣(Fields & Kuperberg, 2012)。此外, 大部分研究仅使用描述人格特质的形容词作为情绪刺激, 形容词相比名词更容易诱导自我参照加工, 从而会促进对积极自我概念的激活(Herbert, Pauli, & Herbert, 2011b)。以上两种原因都可能导致个体在加工与自我相关的情绪信息时, 积极刺激相比中性和消极刺激更具有加工优势。因此, 一些研究者通过采用内隐的实验范式, 即通过实验材料同时控制刺激的自我相关性和情绪效价, 并采用了除特质形容词以外的情绪词汇类型, 考察自我和情绪的交互作用(Herbert, Herbert, Ethofer, & Pauli, 2011a; Herbert et al., 2011b; Fields & Kuperberg, 2012, 2015,2016)。Herbert等人(2011b)要求被试默读与人称代词(“my”)或冠词(“the”)成对呈现的积极、中性或消极名词(my/the - panic/success/clothes)。结果发现, 早期时间窗两种条件下情绪性词汇均比中性词汇诱发了波幅更大的EPN成分, 在晚期阶段发现了自我消极偏向:与自我(“my”)相关的消极词汇比积极和中性词汇诱发了波幅更小的N400和更大的LPP成分(Herbert et al., 2011b)。然而, 他们另一个使用几乎完全相同材料(仅增加了另一个水平“his”)的实验却发现, 在早期阶段(大约200~400 ms)情绪和自我相关性信息独立加工, 随后时间窗(前部350~550 ms和后部450~600 ms)出现自我相关性和情绪词的交互作用, 并表现为自我积极偏向:自我积极、自我消极和自我中性相关词汇诱发的LPP波幅依次减小(Herbert et al., 2011a)。随后, Fields和Kuperberg (2012, 2015, 2016通过呈现包含自我相关性和情绪关键词的材料(e.g., A man knocks on Sandra's/your hotel room door. She/You see (s) that he has a gift/tray/gun in his hand), 使用不同任务考察句子背景中自我相关性和情绪词的整合加工。在句子产生任务中, 他们发现在自我和他人相关语境下情绪词均比中性词诱发更大的LPP, 同时自我条件下的中性词波幅显著大于他人条件, 以致自我条件下的情绪效应比他人条件下更弱(Fields & Kuperberg, 2012); 在句子理解任务中他们发现了自我积极偏向, 包括仅在加工积极词汇时自我相比他人诱发更小的N400 (Fields & Kuperberg, 2015), 以及仅在自我相关语境中情绪性词汇比中性词汇诱发了波幅更大的LPP (Fields & Kuperberg, 2016)。

综上, 情绪信息的加工过程会受到自我相关性的调节, 但采用不同的实验范式、任务和材料得到的结果并不一致:采用外显的评价或判断任务以及仅使用描述个体特质的形容词往往得到自我积极偏向的结果, 而采用内隐任务并使用除形容词以外的其他词性时, 则同时存在自我积极偏向、自我消极偏向的结果。对于不同实验范式和实验材料的使用能否稳定调控自我对情绪加工的偏向尚无定论。本研究拟采用与Herbert等人(2011b)类似的实验范式, 使用名字作为自我相关性线索, 要求被试默读相继呈现的名字和情绪性词汇, 探究自我相关性影响情绪信息加工的动态时间特征及二者的整合机制。名字作为一种重要的人物线索信息, 具有较高的生态效度, 以及非常强的特定性和指向性。名字之于每个人都很重要, 以往的研究发现在不同的文化中, 无名的状态都被认为等同于没有荣誉或身份(Watson, 1986), 改名字即意味着身份的改变(Kang, 1972)。同时, 遇到自己的名字通常会引发自我参照效应, 进而影响对其他非自我相关刺激的评价(Koole & Pelham, 2003)。总之, 使用名字相比于以往研究中采用的人称代词能更加具体和明确地描述自我相关性信息, 从而更有效地操控自我相关性这一变量。

现实生活中, 亲密的人际关系对个体的幸福和心理健康具有重要意义, 感知自我和他人在认知和情绪上的相似性是自我正常发展的必经阶段(Decety & Sommerville, 2003)。朋友名字的自我相关程度介于自我名字和陌生名字之间, 且在日常生活中经常提及, 对个体非常重要, 因此本实验在以往研究基础上增加朋友名字这一水平。与陌生人相比, 朋友与自我的相关程度更大(Li & Han, 2010), 且与自我在神经表征上具有更大的重叠程度(Cheng, Chen, Lin, Chou, & Decety, 2010)。相关核磁研究发现, 听觉呈现的自我名字和重要他人名字(包括妈妈, 朋友, 配偶, 兄弟姐妹)在听觉和视觉通道引起了广泛且相似的脑区激活, 如内侧前额叶皮层(MPFC) (Tacikowski et al., 2011; Tacikowski, Brechmann, & Nowicka, 2012), 表明自我和重要他人名字加工在本质上存在量上而非质上的差异。此外, 自我和重要他人的名字在脑电研究中诱发了相似的脑电效应, 如P2、N250和P300 (Tacikowski, Cygan, & Nowicka, 2014)。不过, 也有研究发现不同自我相关程度的名字会诱发层级性的脑电效应(Fan et al., 2013), 听者对自我名字的反应比重要他人的名字更快(Tacikowski et al., 2014), 且听觉呈现的自我名字相比重要他人名字激活了右侧IFG (Tacikowski et al., 2011)。这表明朋友并不等同于自我, 自我名字相比朋友名字仍保有一定的加工优势。然而, 目前我们发现仅Bayer, Ruthmann和Schacht (2017)将重要他人(男朋友或同性好朋友, 被试均为女性)纳入研究中考察了自我相关性对书面情绪语言加工的影响。结果显示在高自我相关(主语为重要他人名字)句子中, 消极词汇比积极和中性词汇诱发了显著更大的EPN (360~ 500 ms), 而在低自我相关(主语是职业从事者)的情景中没有发现情绪主效应。该研究中缺少自我(主语是自我名字)条件, 无法进一步说明重要他人与自我条件间情绪加工是否存在异同。因此, 本研究拟在探究内隐层面上自我名字对情绪词加工影响的同时, 也试图在词汇水平上比较与自我和朋友相关的情绪信息加工是否存在差异。

我们预期词汇加工在早期和晚期都受到情绪效价的调节, 情绪词汇相比中性词会在EPN和LPP成分上诱发更强的效应, 而在N400上则诱发更弱的效应。更重要的是, 根据以往研究, 情绪效价和自我相关性会在加工晚期发生交互作用。在本实验中可能表现为:个体在加工与自我和朋友名字匹配的情绪词汇(积极和消极)时受到自我相关性的调节, 相对中性词汇诱发更正的LPP, 可能对具有威胁性的消极词汇表现地更为明显(Herbert et al., 2011b)。自我与朋友条件可能诱发相似的效应, 毕竟二者具有相似的神经基础(Cheng et al., 2010), 名字呈现时激活相似脑区(Tacikowski et al., 2011; Tacikowski et al., 2012), 且诱发类似的脑电效应(Tacikowski et al., 2014)。但朋友毕竟不是自我, 如前所述, 自我名字相比重要他人名字更具加工优势(Fan et al., 2013; Tacikowski et al., 2011; Tacikowski et al., 2014), 因此自我相比朋友条件诱发的情绪效应可能更强。鉴于目前尚无研究考察自我和朋友名字影响情绪词加工的过程, 究竟会诱发何种效应还有待具体的实验研究。

2 实验方法

2.1 实验设计

本实验采用3 (名字类型:自我名字, 朋友名字, 陌生名字) × 3 (情绪效价:积极, 消极, 中性)的被试内实验设计。

2.2 被试

21名在校大学生(男生9名, 年龄介于18~22岁, M = 20.20, SD = 0.94)作为有偿被试参加了本实验。所有被试均为右利手, 视力或者矫正视力正常, 身体健康, 无精神感知障碍以及情感障碍, 亦无家族精神病遗传史。之前未参加类似试验, 实验开始前被试签署了知情同意书。

2.3 实验材料

实验前采取自愿报名的形式招募了名字为三字符的被试21名, 并向每位被试征集了近两个月关系最好且名字为三字符的同性朋友名字一个, 最后确认了一个所有被试都陌生的三字符名字作为本实验的陌生名字。实验所采用的词汇(中性、积极、消极三种效价各171个, 每种效价分别包括名词、动词和形容词各57个)均为两字符, 来自于汉语情感词系统(王一牛, 周立明, 罗跃嘉, 2008)。

正式实验前, 招募29名(男生10名, M = 22.72岁, SD = 0.88)没有参加脑电实验的被试进行了预实验。具体为要求被试对词汇进行效价、唤醒度、具体性9点评分。其中, 效价评分:1表示读完该词后极其不悦, 烦恼, 不满意, 忧伤失望, 9表示极其高兴, 愉快, 满意, 充满希望; 唤醒度评分:1表示读完该词后感到平静, 不警觉, 极少刺激性, 投入关注量少, 9表示极其激动, 很刺激, 令人觉醒, 兴奋; 具体性:1表示这个词你感觉很具体, 如指向某事物, 9表示这个词很抽象, 没有特定的指向性物体。将所得到的行为数据利用SPSS 22.0进行单因素方差分析, 结果发现三种情绪词效价主效应显著, F(2, 81) = 137.39, p < 0.001。多重比较发现, 积极词汇的效价评分高于中性和消极词汇, 同时中性词汇高于消极词汇(ps < 0.01)。唤醒度评分主效应显著, F(2, 81) = 13.67, p < 0.001。多重比较发现, 积极和消极词汇唤醒度评分显著大于中性词汇(ps < 0.01), 但积极和消极词汇的唤醒度差异不显著(p = 0.65)。不同效价词汇的具体性评分差异不显著, F(2, 81) = 0.21, p = 0.82; 词频差异不显著, F(2, 510) = 1.18, p = 0.18 (见表1)。

表1   刺激的效价、唤醒度、具体性以及词频评分的平均数和标准差(M ± SD)

变量消极中性积极
效价3.31 ± 0.775.11 ± 0.376.33 ± 0.84
唤醒度5.12 ± 1.313.44 ± 1.204.71 ± 1.20
具体性4.77 ± 1.324.73 ± 1.374.95 ± 1.34
词频34.43 ± 100.6353.53 ± 110.0142.29 ± 69

新窗口打开| 下载CSV


2.4 实验程序

将所有词汇分成3组, 每组包含171个词汇, 其中积极、消极和中性词汇各57个(每种效价包含动词、名词和形容词各19个)。3组词汇与3种名字类型随机匹配, 且每组词汇匹配的名字类型在被试间平衡, 以确保每个词汇在不同的被试间匹配3种名字的次数相同。

脑电实验准备工作(被试来了之后先上卫生间, 然后洗干净头发并吹干, 最后进入脑电实验室佩戴电极帽并打电极膏)结束之后, 使用E-Prime 2.0呈现实验刺激, 同时采集被试脑电信号。正式实验共513个试次, 分为3个block呈现。刺激呈现时, 同一名字类型不连续呈现超过两次, 同一词汇在同一条件下只呈现一次。在每一个试次中, 首先呈现300~600 ms的注视点“+”, 然后呈现名字(自我、朋友或陌生人) 500 ms, 间隔800 ms的空屏后呈现词汇(积极、消极或中性) 500 ms, 再呈现1200~1500 ms的空屏。被试只需要默读成对出现的名字和词汇, 不需要做任何按键反应(见图1)。实验中只告知被试所呈现的名字可能是自己的、朋友的或是陌生人的, 名字之后呈现的词汇与名字是相关的, 但不告知被试词汇的情绪意义存在不同。随后, 停止记录被试的脑电数据, 继续用E-prime程序收集最后一个block中的再认任务的行为数据, 即要求被试对在最后一个block中和自我、朋友或是陌生名字配对呈现的词汇进行按键反应(1:自我; 2:朋友; 3:陌生)。练习阶段包括6个试次, 确保被试正确理解实验流程。

图1

图1   刺激呈现流程图


2.5 EEG数据记录与统计分析

使用64导的ANT设备记录脑电信号, 采样率为500 Hz, 信号采集时以CPz作为在线参考电极, GND作为接地电极。各个电极与头皮之间的电阻小于5 kΩ。使用Brain vision Analyzer 2.0.4 (www. brainproducts.com)对采集到的EEG数据进行离线处理, 以各导联的脑电数据减去双侧乳突的平均数作再参考。在对数据进行滤波(高通为0.01 Hz, 低通为30 Hz)后, 用Ocular Correction ICA校正眼电。数据分段选取情绪词呈现前200 ms和呈现后800 ms, 并对分段数据进行基线校正, 然后再对分段数据中的伪迹(波幅超过± 80 μV)进行剔除, 最后对每种条件下保留的有效试次进行叠加平均。

依据相关文献(Watson et al., 2007; Shestyuk & Deldin, 2010; Herbert et al., 2011a, b; Fields & Kuperberg, 2012; Pinheiro, Rezaii, Rauber, & Niznikiewicz, 2016)和本实验ERP数据的总平均波形选取各个成分相对应的电极点和时间窗口, 并利用SPSS 22.0对脑电数据的平均波幅进行重复测量方差分析。对N1 (80~130 ms), P2 (160~240 ms), N400 (300~450 ms)和LPP (450~650 ms)的分析分别在左右两半球和中线进行。将中线划分为两个脑区:额叶中央区(Fz, FCz), 中央顶区(Cz, CPz)。将左右半球划分为四个脑区:左侧额区(F1, F3, FC1, FC3), 右侧额区(F2, F4, FC2, FC4), 左侧中央区(C1, C3, CP1, CP3), 右侧中央区(C2, C4, CP2, CP4)。对中线脑电数据进行重复测量方差分析包含的因素有:名字类型(自我名字、朋友名字、陌生名字), 情绪效价(积极、消极、中性)以及脑区(额叶中央区、中央顶区)。对左右半球的脑电数据进行重复测量方差分析增加的因素为半球(左、右)。EPN反映的是快速注意捕获和对显著信息的早期加工过程, 是一种大脑后部分布的早期负波(Kissler et al., 2007)。我们结合以往文献和当前EEG结果将200~300 ms划分为分析EPN的时间窗口(Kissler et al., 2007; Herbert et al., 2008, 2011b; Schacht & Sommer, 2009), 并使用以往研究广泛使用的后部电极点P7, PO7, P8, PO8, O1, O2, 对EPN进行重复测量方差分析。对统计分析进行非球形检验, 当自由度分子大于1时, F值进行Greenhouse-Geisser校正。进行两两比较的条件多于两个时, 其p值进行Bonferroni校正。

3 实验结果

3.1 行为结果

对不同类型名字对应的情绪词汇进行再认个数和正确率的方差分析, 未发现任何显著性差异(Fs < 1), 说明被试同等程度地认真默读了成对呈现的名字和情绪词。

3.2 ERP结果

3.2.1 N1 (80~130 ms)和P2 (160~240 ms)

对中线和两半球上N1的平均波幅分别进行重复测量方差分析发现, 名字类型和情绪效价主效应以及二者的交互作用皆不显著(all ps > 0.1)。

对中线和两半球上P2的平均波幅分别进行重复测量方差分析发现, 名字类型和情绪效价的主效应以及二者的交互作用皆不显著(all ps > 0.1)。尽管名字类型和半球的交互作用显著, F(2, 40) = 4.09, p = 0.028, ηp2 = 0.17, 但进一步的简单效应分析并未发现任何统计显著的效应(all ps > 0.05)。

3.2.2 EPN (200~300 ms)

对EPN成分的平均波幅进行重复测量方差分析发现, 情绪效价主效应显著, F (2, 40) = 10.81, p < 0.01, ηp2 = 0.35。事后比较发现, 消极词汇(3.09 ± 0.52 μV)比积极词汇(3.51 ± 0.55 μV)和中性词汇(3.45 ± 0.56 μV)诱发了显著更负的EPN [消极vs.积极:t(20) = -4.16, p = 0.001; 消极vs.中性:t(20) = -3.24, p = 0.012], 积极词汇与中性词汇之间差异不显著, t(20) = 0.63, p > 0.1 (如图2所示)。其余主效应与交互作用均不显著(all ps > 0.05)。

图2

图2   21名被试EPN成分上诱发效应的总平均波形


3.2.3 N400 (300~450 ms)

对中线上N400的平均波幅进行重复测量方差分析发现, 情绪类型的主效应显著, F (2, 40) = 4.15, p = 0.023, ηp2 = 0.17。消极词汇(-2.47 ± 0.64 μV)比中性词汇(-3.00 ± 0.65 μV)诱发了波幅显著更小的N400, t(20) = 2.76, p = 0.037; 积极词汇(-2.79 ± 0.66 μV)与消极词汇和中性词汇差异均不显著, [积极vs.消极:t(20) = -1.75, p = 0.286; 积极vs.中性:t(20) = 1.15, p = 0.787]。其余主效应与交互作用均不显著(all ps > 0.05)。

对两半球N400的平均波幅进行重复测量方差分析发现, 情绪类型的主效应显著, F(2, 40) = 4.07, p = 0.025, ηp2 = 0.17。消极词汇(-1.81 ± 0.56 μV)比中性词汇(-2.28 ± 0.56 μV)诱发了波幅显著更小的N400, t(20) = 2.94, p = 0.024; 积极词汇(-2.10 ± 0.56 μV)与消极词汇和中性词汇差异均不显著, [积极vs.消极:t(20) = -1.71, p = 0.307; 积极vs.中性:t(20) = 1.10, p = 0.912]。脑区×半球×情绪交互作用显著, F(2, 40) = 5.02, p = 0.011, ηp2 = 0.15, 但简单效应分析未发现各情绪效价之间存在显著差异(见图3)。其余主效应与交互作用均不显著(all ps > 0.05)。

图3

图3   21名被试N400和LPP成分上诱发的脑电效应总平均波形


3.2.4 LPP (450~650 ms)

对中线上LPP的平均波幅进行重复测量方差分析发现, 情绪效价的主效应显著, F(2, 40) = 5.37, p = 0.011, ηp2 = 0.21。消极词汇(-1.13 ± 0.59 μV)比中性词汇(-1.68 ± 0.61 μV)诱发了波幅更正的LPP, t(20) = 2.87, p = 0.028, 消极词汇比积极词汇(-1.74 ± 0.63 μV)也诱发了波幅更正的LPP[边缘显著: t(20) = 2.60, p = 0.051], 积极词汇和中性词汇诱发的波幅差异不显著, t(20) = 0.33, p > 0.1。其余主效应与交互作用均不显著(all ps > 0.05)。

对两半球LPP的平均波幅进行重复测量方差分析发现, 情绪的主效应显著, F(2, 40) = 6.27, p = 0.006, ηp2 = 0.24。消极词汇(-0.76 ± 0.54 μV)分别比积极词汇(-1.32 ± 0.57 μV)和中性词汇(-1.28 ± 0.56 μV)诱发了显著更大的LPP波幅[消极vs.积极:t(20) = 2.77, p = 0.036; 消极vs.中性:t(20) = 3.31, p = 0.011], 积极词汇和中性词汇诱发的波幅差异不显著, t(20) = 0.284, p > 0.1。情绪效价×脑区×名字类型的交互作用显著, F(4, 80) = 2.98, p = 0.033, ηp2 = 0.13。简单效应分析发现, 在前额区[F(2, 19) = 4.57, p = 0.024, ηp2 = 0.33], 与自我相关的消极词汇(-0.79 ± 0.69 μV)比中性词汇(-1.73 ± 0.67 μV)诱发了更正的LPP, t(20) = 2.85, p = 0.030; 在中央区[F(2, 19) = 5.69, p = 0.012, ηp2 = 0.38], 与自我相关的消极词汇(0.11 ± 0.54 μV) 比中性词汇(-0.71 ± 0.63 μV)诱发更正的LPP, t(20) = 3.35, p = 0.010。此外, 与朋友相关的词汇在中央区诱发了情绪效应, F(2, 19) = 6.73, p = 0.006, ηp2 = 0.42, 表现为消极词汇(-0.09 ± 0.47 μV)比中性词汇(-0.93 ± 0.57 μV)和积极词汇(-1.13 ± 0.53 μV)均诱发了显著更正的LPP[消极vs.积极:t(20) = 3.43, p = 0.008; 消极vs.中性:t(20) = 2.86, p = 0.030]。然而, 与陌生名字相关的三种情绪词汇引发的LPP波幅没有显著差异(all ps > 0.1) (如图4所示)。尽管脑区×半球×名字交互作用显著, F(2, 40) = 4.22, p = 0.034, ηp2 = 0.17, 但进一步简单效应未发现名字的主效应。其余主效应与交互作用均不显著(all ps > 0.05)。

图4

图4   LPP成分上情绪词汇与名字的交互作用(A)及450~650 ms时间窗内与三种名字匹配的消极-积极/消极-中性词汇的差异波地形(B)


4 讨论

本研究采用ERP技术考察了在默读任务中, 不同自我相关程度的名字影响情绪词汇加工的认知神经过程。结果发现, 情绪词汇的主效应显著:在加工早期(200~300 ms), 消极词汇相比中性和积极词汇诱发波幅更大的EPN; 在加工晚期(300~ 650 ms), 消极词汇相比中性词汇诱发波幅更小的

N400, 相比中性和积极词汇诱发波幅更大的LPP。更为重要的是, 人们对情绪词汇的加工受到自我相关性的调节:在自我名字条件下, 消极词汇相比中性词汇诱发了波幅更大的LPP; 在朋友名字条件下, 消极词汇相比积极和中性词汇诱发了波幅更大的LPP; 而陌生名字条件下三类词汇诱发的LPP波幅不存在显著差别。本研究表明, 情绪词汇加工具有较强的自动性, 与自我相关程度较高的自我和朋友名字能够调节对情绪词汇的认知加工, 而且这种调节作用主要发生在情绪词汇加工的晚期LPP阶段。以下将结合以往文献对当前结果进行讨论。

4.1 情绪主效应

首先, ERP结果表明N1和P2上不存在情绪主效应, 也未出现名字类型和情绪信息的交互作用。与以往研究情绪词加工的研究结果相似(Herbert et al., 2011b; Fields & Kuperberg, 2012; Zhou et al., 2017; Bayer et al., 2017), N1和P2表现为不受情绪词效价的调节, 这可能与情绪词汇的特性和任务类型有关:不同于情绪声音和情绪图片能够直接传递情绪信息, 情绪词汇在情绪意义的表达上更加抽象, 从而无法在较早的时间窗口(200 ms之前)获得情绪意义的提取(Fischler & Bradley, 2006)。以往研究发现, 早期的情绪效应只有在被试专注于判断呈现词汇的情绪内容时才会出现(Kanske, Plitschka, & Kotz, 2011)。因此, 也可能是本研究中的任务要求(默读成对呈现的名字和词汇)导致被试没有过多关注词汇的情绪效价, 从而没有在N1和P2上诱发情绪主效应。

其次, 我们在EPN成分上发现了情绪效价主效应, 表现为消极词汇比积极和中性词汇诱发了更大的负效应, 且该效应不受先呈现的名字类型的调节。以往大部分研究认为EPN反映个体对情绪的分类, 具有情绪意义的刺激能够获得更多的选择性注意, 因此情绪性刺激相较于中性刺激能够诱发波幅更大的EPN (Kanske & Kotz, 2007; Kissler et al., 2007; Herbert et al., 2008; Schacht & Sommer, 2009)。也有研究认为这一成分的波幅大小会受到情绪唤醒度的调节, 具有威胁性的和令人厌恶的信息能更有效地调动注意, 引起更强的电生理激活(Öhman, Flykt, & Esteves, 2001; Vuilleumier, 2005; Lang & Bradley, 2010)。本研究中对三种情绪类型词汇的唤醒度和词频进行了匹配, 但消极词汇仍比积极和中性词汇诱发了更负的EPN。这可能是由于在当前实验情境下, 被试对具有威胁性的消极效价更加敏感, 从而不自主地调动更多注意资源, 进而引起了更强的电生理效应。

此外, 在300~650 ms时间窗内情绪效价主效应依然显著:300~450 ms时间窗内表现为消极词汇比中性词汇诱发了波幅更小的N400。N400反映了词汇通达(Lau, Phillips, & Poeppel, 2008)和词汇语义的整合过程(Kutas & Federmeier, 2000), 更小的N400波幅表明对情绪词汇的语义加工更容易(曹阳, 王琳, 2018)。本研究结果表明, 消极词汇由于其对个体更显著的生存意义, 相比中性词汇更快速地获得了语义通达, 具有一定的加工优势。450~650 ms时间窗内表现为消极词汇比中性词汇和积极词汇诱发了显著更大的LPP。这表明在情绪词汇加工晚期, 相对于积极和中性词汇, 个体对消极情绪词汇持续投入更多注意, 进行了更深层次的情绪意义评估过程(Fischler & Bradley, 2006; Herbert et al., 2006)。

4.2 自我相关性与情绪的交互作用

本研究在情绪词汇加工晚期(450~650 ms)观察到了自我相关性与情绪类型的交互作用, 且主要表现为自我消极偏向(self-negative bias):与自我名字匹配的消极词汇相比中性词汇诱发了波幅更大的LPP; 与朋友名字匹配的消极词汇相比积极和中性词汇诱发了波幅更大的LPP; 而与陌生名字匹配的情绪性词汇和中性词汇之间没有显著差异。这表明在情绪词汇加工晚期, 个体对与自我(包括朋友)相关的情绪信息, 尤其是对消极情绪持续注意并进行深度的编码加工。

同以往ERP研究结果一致(Herbert et al., 2011b; Fields & Kuperberg, 2012, 2015, 2016; Zhou et al., 2017; Bayer et al., 2017), 本研究结果显示自我相关性在情绪词汇加工过程中起到了类似“过滤器”的作用, 即个体在对情绪信息进行初步的意义提取之后, 将更多的认知资源投入到与自我和朋友相关的信息上, 以对情绪效价进行更深层次的评估, 而对与陌生人相关的信息则没有进行情绪内容上的精细加工。Scherer, Schorr和Johnstone (2001)认为, 对情绪刺激的评价在正常的情绪加工过程中是必要的, 一旦出现具有主观相关性的情绪刺激, 其评价过程就会被自动并内隐地触发。因此, 与陌生人名字相比, 自我名字和朋友名字的呈现会更容易且更显著地促进个体对情绪词汇的内隐评价过程, 致使只有与自我和朋友名字匹配的消极词汇才会诱发波幅更大的LPP, 且这一加工过程主要出现在中央区和前额区两侧。有研究表明, 前额区LPP反映的对情绪词的加工可能同时包含自动化的加工过程和控制性的评估过程(即使没有外显的效价评估任务), 且额外的反思加工过程会使情绪的效应增强(Cunningham, Espinet, de Young, & Zelazo, 2005)。本研究中, 自我和朋友名字的呈现使得与其匹配的情绪词汇的动机意义增强, 从而在情绪加工晚期存在基于效价的自我反思加工过程(self-reflection processing), 这种自我反思加工过程反过来又促进了对情绪内容的再评估和编码, 从而导致与自我和朋友相关的情绪效价(尤其是消极效价)在前额区诱发了显著增强的晚期LPP。这也符合以往相关fMRI研究的结果, 即加工与自我相关的情绪词汇比加工他人相关的情绪词汇更多的激活了内侧前额叶皮层(Herbert, Herbert, & Pauli, 2011c)。而中央顶部的LPP通常反映对情绪唤醒度更高(相比中性刺激)的刺激的编码加工(Hajcak et al., 2010), 所以在自我和朋友条件下中央区LPP的情绪效应一直显著存在。

本研究中, 在自我和朋友条件下存在个体对消极情绪的加工偏向, 这与Herbert等人(2011b)Bayer等人(2017)的研究结果一致。本研究采用了除形容词以外的情绪性名词和动词, 且实验任务要求被试只是默读相继呈现的名字和词汇, 因此被试不会刻意将所有情绪刺激与个人特质或自我概念匹配, 从而消除了个体与即将呈现的某一情绪效价词汇之间联结的倾向。从认知水平而言, 本研究采用的是一种内隐加工情绪词汇的任务。Ito和Cacioppo (2000)认为采用内隐加工使个体能够在前注意状态下监控环境, 以捕获具有高信息价值的刺激。本研究进一步证实了LPP成分能够灵敏地反映个体对情绪刺激的内隐评估过程, 以及消极情绪在其中具有加工优势。产生这种消极偏向的原因可能在于消极刺激比积极刺激承载着更大的信息价值(Peeters & Czapinski, 1990), 因此即使没有外显任务促使个体对其投入注意, 消极刺激也会比中性和积极刺激自动捕获更多注意和认知资源, 从而得到更深层次、更精细的编码加工。从进化的角度讲, 对自我和朋友名字相关的消极情绪的深度加工有利于个体躲避威胁刺激, 更好地适应生存环境, 进行社会交际。

这种内隐加工情绪信息时产生的自我消极偏向不仅体现在自我相关水平上, 也体现在朋友相关水平上。从社会心理学角度来看, 自我扩展模型认为个体在亲近的人际关系中会将对方的资源、观点和身份在某种程度上看作自己的, 也就是把他人在某种程度上纳入“自我”之中, 力图发展个体的潜在的自我效能(Aron, Lewandowski, Mashek, & Aron, 2013)。这可以解释为什么朋友条件下会诱发和自我相似的结果。从认知心理学角度来看, LPP成分反映的是对情绪内容的认知评估过程, 自我和朋友两种条件下都选择性地对消极情绪进行更深层次的编码加工, 说明朋友名字与自我名字对消极情绪词汇加工具有相似的调节机制, 二者存在相似的神经基础, 这与以往研究中对自我和重要他人的研究结果一致(Tacikowski et al., 2011; Tacikowski et al., 2012; Tacikowski et al., 2014)。不过, 在朋友条件下消极效价和积极效价诱发的LPP波幅差异显著, 在自我条件下却不显著。这表明在整合自我名字和情绪信息时, 消极和积极情绪获得了几乎同等程度的认知加工, 而在整合朋友名字和情绪信息时, 消极情绪的意义比积极情绪更为突显, 从而获得持续注意和深度编码。究其原因, 可能是因为消极和积极情绪对个体自身都具有重要意义, 而个体对朋友相关的积极情绪则不是十分关注。这在前人的行为研究中也得以体现:在消极特质上, 人们对自我和朋友的评价没有显著差异, 而在积极特质上, 对自我的评价要显著高于对朋友的评价(Suls, Lemos, & Stewart, 2002)。因此, 人际关系距离的缩小似乎使自我消极偏向延展到了朋友水平上。而与朋友相比, 某种意义上的自我积极偏向仍然存在。这两种偏向同时存在并不相悖, 前者反映的是消极情绪对个体(及朋友)重要的生存意义, 后者反映的则是进行社会评价时积极自我(不包括朋友)概念的激活。总之, 本研究进一步拓展了自我相关性中“自我”的范围, 表明在内隐加工与自我相关的情绪词汇时, 朋友也被纳入“自我”之中, 并与自我在调节情绪词汇加工的神经过程中既有相似又有不同之处。

本研究进一步探索了自我相关性与情绪词汇整合加工的认知神经机制, 结果显示存在着“内隐自我消极偏向”, 但本研究仍存在一些不足之处。首先, 实验采用的三种名字未在熟悉度上进行匹配(即自我和朋友名字既与自我相关且熟悉, 而陌生名字与自我不相关且不熟悉), 因此无法完全排除熟悉度对研究结果的影响。未来研究可加入熟悉却自我相关性低的名字(如名人、国家元首名字), 从而在操控自我相关性的同时排除熟悉度对实验结果的干扰。其次, 本研究选用了三种词性(形容词、名词和动词)的情绪词汇作为刺激材料, 考虑到不同词性的情绪词汇加工以及与自我相关性的连接模式可能存在差异, 自我相关性和不同词性的情绪词之间交互作用的模式可能不同。因此, 未来研究可以进一步探讨不种词性在自我相关性的影响下对情绪的调节有无显著差异。

5 结论

本研究采用ERP技术, 用自我、朋友和陌生人名字作为自我相关性线索, 要求被试默读相继呈现的名字和情绪性词汇(积极、中性、消极), 考察自我相关信息影响情绪信息加工的动态时间特征及二者的整合机制。结果表明:

(1) 情绪刺激加工具有较强的自动性, 名字作为一种自我相关性信息能够有效增强情绪刺激的动机关联性, 二者的整合发生在认知加工的晚期阶段。

(2) 采用默读范式并使用三种不同类型的情绪词汇作为实验材料, 结果得到“自我消极偏向”, 说明个体在内隐层面上存在对自我和朋友相关的消极情绪的加工优势。

(3) 自我和朋友名字在调节情绪词汇加工的神经过程中既有相似又有不同之处:人际关系距离的缩小似乎使自我消极偏向延展到了朋友水平上, 而与朋友相比, 某种意义上的自我积极偏向仍然存在。

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The present functional magnetic resonance imaging study investigated the role of emotion-related (e.g., amygdala) and self-related brain structures (MPFC in particular) in the processing of emotional words varying in stimulus reference. Healthy subjects (N=22) were presented with emotional (pleasant or unpleasant) or neutral words in three different conditions: (1) self (e.g., my fear), (2) other (e.g., his fear) and (3) no reference (e.g., the fear). Processing of unpleasant words was associated with increased amygdala and also insula activation across all conditions. Pleasant stimuli were specifically associated with increased activation of amygdala and insula when related to the self (vs. other and no reference). Activity in the MPFC (vMPFC in particular) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) was preferentially increased during processing of self-related emotional words (vs. other and no reference). These results demonstrate that amygdala activation in response to emotional stimuli is modulated by stimulus reference and that brain structures implicated in emotional and self-related processing might be important for the subjective experience of one's own emotions.

Herbert, C., Junghöfer, M., & Kissler, J. (2008).

Event related potentials to emotional adjectives during reading

Psychophysiology, 45(3), 487-498.

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2007.00638.x      URL     PMID:18221445      [本文引用: 3]

We investigated to what extent emotional connotation influences cortical potentials during reading. To this end, event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded during reading of high arousal pleasant and unpleasant and low arousal neutral adjectives that were presented at rates of 1 Hz and 3 Hz. Enhanced processing of both pleasant and unpleasant emotional compared to neutral adjectives was first reflected in an amplified early posterior negativity (EPN) starting from 200 ms after word onset. Later potentials (>300 ms), as analyzed in the slower 1 Hz condition, revealed facilitated processing selectively for pleasant adjectives that were associated with a reduced N400 and an enhanced late positive potential (LPP). Pleasant adjectives were also better remembered in an incidental memory test. Thus, emotionally relevant adjectives are processed spontaneously and selectively. Initially, emotional arousal drives attention capture (EPN). Healthy subjects may have a natural bias toward pleasant information facilitating late ERPs (N400, LPP) to pleasant adjectives as well as their superior recall.

Herbert, C., Kissler, J., Junghöfer, M., Peyk, P., & Rockstroh, B. (2006).

Processing of emotional adjectives: Evidence from startle EMG and ERPs

Psychophysiology, 43 (2), 197-206.

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2006.00385.x      URL     PMID:16712590      [本文引用: 4]

Affective startle modulation in the electromyographic (EMG), auditory startle evoked potentials, and visually evoked potentials (VEPs) were assessed while subjects evaluated pleasant, unpleasant, and neutral adjectives. Acoustic startle probes were presented at random time points 2.5-4.0 s after word onset. The visual P2 and P3 potentials were generally larger during processing of emotional than of neutral adjectives. In contrast, the late positive component was enhanced and was correlated with larger EMG startle responses and auditory startle evoked potential P3 amplitudes for pleasant words only. During internal cognitive activity, the startle reflex represents a measure of

Herbert, C., Pauli, P., & Herbert, B. M. (2011b).

Self-reference modulates the processing of emotional stimuli in the absence of explicit self-referential appraisal instructions

Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 6(5), 653-661.

DOI:10.1093/scan/nsq082      URL     PMID:20855295      [本文引用: 2]

Self-referential evaluation of emotional stimuli has been shown to modify the way emotional stimuli are processed. This study aimed at a new approach by investigating whether self-reference alters emotion processing in the absence of explicit self-referential appraisal instructions. Event-related potentials were measured while subjects spontaneously viewed a series of emotional and neutral nouns. Nouns were preceded either by personal pronouns ('my') indicating self-reference or a definite article ('the') without self-reference. The early posterior negativity, a brain potential reflecting rapid attention capture by emotional stimuli was enhanced for unpleasant and pleasant nouns relative to neutral nouns irrespective of whether nouns were preceded by personal pronouns or articles. Later brain potentials such as the late positive potential were enhanced for unpleasant nouns only when preceded by personal pronouns. Unpleasant nouns were better remembered than pleasant or neutral nouns when paired with a personal pronoun. Correlation analysis showed that this bias in favor of self-related unpleasant concepts can be explained by participants' depression scores. Our results demonstrate that self-reference acts as a first processing filter for emotional material to receive higher order processing after an initial rapid attention capture by emotional content has been completed. Mood-congruent processing may contribute to this effect.

Holeckova, I., Fischer, C., Giard, M.-H., Delpuech, C., & Morlet, D. (2006).

Brain responses to a subject's own name uttered by a familiar voice

Brain Research, 1082 (1), 142-152.

DOI:10.1016/j.brainres.2006.01.089      URL     PMID:16703673      [本文引用: 1]

Hearing one's own first name automatically elicits a robust electrophysiological response, even in conditions of reduced consciousness like sleep. In a search for objective clues to superior cognitive functions in comatose patients, we looked for an optimal auditory stimulation paradigm mobilizing a large population of neurons. Our hypothesis was that wider ERPs would be obtained in response to the subject's own name (SON) when a familiar person uttered it. In 15 healthy awake volunteers, we tested a passive oddball paradigm with three different novels presented with the same probability (P = 0.02): SON uttered by a familiar voice (FV) or by an unknown voice (NFV) and a non-vocal stimulus (NV) which preserved most of the physical characteristics of SON FV. ERP (32 electrodes) and scalp current density (SCD) maps were analyzed. SON appeared to generate more robust responses related to involuntary attention switching (MMN/N2b, novelty P3) than NV. When uttered by a familiar person, the SON elicited larger response amplitudes in the late phase of novelty P3 (after 300 ms). Most important differences were found in the late slow waves where two components could be temporally and spatially dissociated. A larger parietal component for FV than for NFV suggested deeper high-level processing, even if the subjects were not required to explicitly differentiate or recognize the voices. This passive protocol could therefore provide a valuable tool for clinicians to test residual superior cognitive functions in uncooperative patients.

Ito, T. A., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2000).

Electrophysiological evidence of implicit and explicit categorization processes

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 36 (6), 660-676.

[本文引用: 1]

Kang, T. S. (1972).

Name and group identification

Journal of Social Psychology, 86 (1), 159-160.

DOI:10.1080/00224545.1972.9918610      URL     PMID:5008858      [本文引用: 1]

Kanske, P., & Kotz, S. A. (2007).

Concreteness in emotional words: ERP evidence from a hemifield study

Brain Research, 1148 (1), 138-148.

[本文引用: 4]

Kanske, P., Plitschka, J., & Kotz, S. A. (2011).

Attentional orienting towards emotion: P2 and N400 ERP effects

Neuropsychologia, 49 (11), 3121-3129.

DOI:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.07.022      URL     PMID:21816167      [本文引用: 1]

Attention can be oriented to different spatial locations yielding faster processing of attended compared to unattended stimuli. Similarly attention can be oriented to a semantic category such as

Kissler, J., Herbert, C., Peyk, P., & Junghofer, M. (2007).

Buzzwords: Early cortical responses to emotional words during reading

Psychological Science, 18 (6), 475-480.

URL     PMID:17576257      [本文引用: 5]

Kissler, J., Herbert, C., Winkler, I., Junghofer, M. (2009).

Emotion and attention in visual word processing: An ERP study

Biological Psychology, 80 (1), 75-83.

DOI:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2008.03.004      URL     PMID:18439739      [本文引用: 1]

Emotional words are preferentially processed during silent reading. Here, we investigate to what extent different components of the visual evoked potential, namely the P1, N1, the early posterior negativity (EPN, around 250 ms after word onset) as well as the late positive complex (LPC, around 500 ms) respond differentially to emotional words and whether this response depends on the availability of attentional resources. Subjects viewed random sequences of pleasant, neutral and unpleasant adjectives and nouns. They were first instructed to simply read the words and then to count either adjectives or nouns. No consistent effects emerged for the P1 and N1. However, during both reading and counting the EPN was enhanced for emotionally arousing words (pleasant and unpleasant), regardless of whether the word belonged to a target or a non-target category. A task effect on the EPN was restricted to adjectives, but the effect did not interact with emotional content. The later centro-parietal LPC (450-650 ms) showed a large enhancement for the attended word class. A small and topographically distinct emotion-LPC effect was found specifically in response to pleasant words, both during silent reading and the active task. Thus, emotional word content is processed effortlessly and automatically and is not subject to interference from a primary grammatical decision task. The results are in line with other reports of early automatic semantic processing as reflected by posterior negativities in the ERP around 250 ms after word onset. Implications for models of emotion-attention interactions in the brain are discussed.

Koole, S. L., & Pelham, B. W. (2003).

On the nature of implicit self-esteem: The case of the name letter effect

In S. J. Spencer et al. (Eds.), In S. J. Spencer et al. (Eds.), Motivated social perception: The Ontario Symposium(Vol. 9, pp. 93-116).Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates(Vol. 9, pp. 93-116).Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

[本文引用: 1]

Kutas, M., & Federmeier, K. D. (2000).

Electrophysiology reveals semantic memory use in language comprehension

Trends in Cognitive Neuroscience, 4 (12), 463-470.

[本文引用: 1]

Lang, P. J., & Bradley, M. M. (2010).

Emotion and the motivational brain

Biological Psychology, 84 (3), 437-450.

DOI:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2009.10.007      URL     PMID:19879918      [本文引用: 1]

Psychophysiological and neuroscience studies of emotional processing undertaken by investigators at the University of Florida Laboratory of the Center for the Study of Emotion and Attention (CSEA) are reviewed, with a focus on reflex reactions, neural structures and functional circuits that mediate emotional expression. The theoretical view shared among the investigators is that expressed emotions are founded on motivational circuits in the brain that developed early in evolutionary history to ensure the survival of individuals and their progeny. These circuits react to appetitive and aversive environmental and memorial cues, mediating appetitive and defensive reflexes that tune sensory systems and mobilize the organism for action and underly negative and positive affects. The research reviewed here assesses the reflex physiology of emotion, both autonomic and somatic, studying affects evoked in picture perception, memory imagery, and in the context of tangible reward and punishment, and using the electroencephalograph (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), explores the brain's motivational circuits that determine human emotion.

Lau, E. F., Phillips, C., & Poeppel, D. (2008).

A cortical network for semantics: (de)constructing the N400

Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 9 (12), 920-933.

URL     PMID:19020511      [本文引用: 1]

Li, W., & Han, S. H. (2010).

Perspective taking modulates event-related potentials to perceived pain

Neuroscience Letters, 469 (3), 328-332.

DOI:10.1016/j.neulet.2009.12.021      URL     PMID:20026179      [本文引用: 1]

Recent event-related brain potential (ERP) study disentangled an early automatic component and a late top-down controlled component of neural activities to perceived pain of others. This study assessed the hypothesis that perspective taking modulates the top-down controlled component but not the automatic component of empathy for pain by recording ERPs from 24 subjects who performed pain judgments of pictures of hands in painful or non-painful situations from either self-perspective or other-perspective. We found that, relative to non-painful stimuli, painful stimuli induced positive shifts of ERPs at frontal-central electrodes as early as 160 ms after sensory stimulation and this effect lasted until 700 ms. The amplitudes of ERPs at 230-250 ms elicited by painful stimuli negatively correlated with both subjective ratings of others' pain and self-unpleasantness in both self-perspective and other-perspective conditions. Neural response to perceived pain over the central-parietal area was significantly reduced at 370-420 ms when performing the pain judgment task from other-perspective compared to self-perspective. The results suggest that shifting between self-perspectives and other-perspectives modulates the late controlled component but not the early automatic component of neural responses to perceived pain.

Öhman, A., Flykt, A., & Esteves, F. (2001).

Emotion drives attention: Detecting the snake in the grass

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 130 (3), 466-478.

[本文引用: 1]

Peeters, G., & Czapinski, J. (1990).

Positive-negative asymmetry in evaluations: The distinction between affective and informational negativity effects

European Review of Social Psychology, 1 (1), 33-60.

[本文引用: 1]

Pinheiro, A. P., Rezaii, N., Rauber, A., & Niznikiewicz, M. (2016).

Is this my voice or yours? The role of emotion and acoustic quality in self-other voice discrimination in schizophrenia

Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 21 (4), 335-353.

DOI:10.1080/13546805.2016.1208611      URL     PMID:27454152      [本文引用: 1]

INTRODUCTION: Impairments in self-other voice discrimination have been consistently reported in schizophrenia, and associated with the severity of auditory verbal hallucinations (AVHs). This study probed the interactions between voice identity, voice acoustic quality, and semantic valence in a self-other voice discrimination task in schizophrenia patients compared with healthy subjects. The relationship between voice identity discrimination and AVH severity was also explored. METHODS: Seventeen chronic schizophrenia patients and 19 healthy controls were asked to read aloud a list of adjectives characterised by emotional or neutral content. Participants' voice was recorded in the first session. In the behavioural task, 840 spoken words differing in identity (self/non-self), acoustic quality (undistorted/distorted), and semantic valence (negative/positive/neutral) were presented. Participants indicated if the words were spoken in their own voice, another person's voice, or were unsure. RESULTS: Patients were less accurate than controls in the recognition of self-generated speech with negative content only. Impaired recognition of negative self-generated speech was associated with AVH severity (

Sass, S. M., Heller, W., Stewart, J. L., Silton, R. L., Edgar, J. C., Fisher, J. E., & Miller, G. A. (2010).

Time course of attentional bias in anxiety: Emotion and gender specificity

Psychophysiology, 47 (2), 247-259.

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2009.00926.x      URL     PMID:19863758      [本文引用: 1]

Anxiety is characterized by cognitive biases, including attentional bias to emotional (especially threatening) stimuli. Accounts differ on the time course of attention to threat, but the literature generally confounds emotional valence and arousal and overlooks gender effects, both addressed in the present study. Nonpatients high in self-reported anxious apprehension, anxious arousal, or neither completed an emotion-word Stroop task during event-related potential (ERP) recording. Hypotheses differentiated time course of preferential attention to emotional stimuli. Individuals high in anxious apprehension and anxious arousal showed distinct early ERP evidence of preferential processing of emotionally arousing stimuli along with some evidence for gender differences in processing. Healthy controls showed gender differences at both early and later processing stages. The conjunction of valence, arousal, and gender is critical in the time course of attentional bias.

Schacht, A., & Sommer, W. (2009).

Time course and task dependence of emotion effects in word processing

Cognitive, Affective and Behavioral Neuroscience, 9 (1), 28-43.

DOI:10.3758/CABN.9.1.28      URL     PMID:19246325      [本文引用: 3]

The emotional content of stimuli influences cognitive performance. In two experiments, we investigated the time course and mechanisms of emotional influences on visual word processing in various tasks by recording event-related brain potentials (ERPs). The stimuli were verbs of positive, negative, and neutral valence. In Experiment 1, where lexical decisions had to be performed on single verbs, both positive and negative verbs were processed more quickly than neutral verbs and elicited a distinct ERP component, starting around 370 msec. In Experiment 2, the verbs were embedded in a semantic context provided by single nouns. Likewise, structural, lexical, and semantic decisions for positive verbs were accelerated, and an ERP effect with a scalp distribution comparable to that in Experiment 1 now started about 200 msec earlier. These effects may signal an automatic allocation of attentional resources to emotionally arousing words, since they were not modulated by different task demands. In contrast, a later ERP effect of emotion was restricted to lexical and semantic decisions and, thus, appears to indicate more elaborated, task-dependent processing of emotional words.

Scherer, K. R., Schorr, A., & Johnstone, T. (2001). Appraisal Processes in Emotion: Theory, Methods, Research New York: Oxford University Press.

[本文引用: 1]

Schupp, H. T., Öhman, A., Junghöfer, M., Weike, A. I., Stockburger, J., & Hamm, A. O. (2004).

The facilitated processing of threatening faces: An erp analysis

Emotion, 4 (2), 189-200.

DOI:10.1037/1528-3542.4.2.189      URL     PMID:15222855      [本文引用: 1]

Threatening, friendly, and neutral faces were presented to test the hypothesis of the facilitated perceptual processing of threatening faces. Dense sensor event-related brain potentials were measured while subjects viewed facial stimuli. Subjects had no explicit task for emotional categorization of the faces. Assessing early perceptual stimulus processing, threatening faces elicited an early posterior negativity compared with nonthreatening neutral or friendly expressions. Moreover, at later stages of stimulus processing, facial threat also elicited augmented late positive potentials relative to the other facial expressions, indicating the more elaborate perceptual analysis of these stimuli. Taken together, these data demonstrate the facilitated perceptual processing of threatening faces. Results are discussed within the context of an evolved module of fear (A. Ohman & S. Mineka, 2001).

Schupp, H. T., Stockburger, J., Codispoti, M., Junghöfer, M., Weike, A. I., & Hamm, A. O. (2007).

Selective visual attention to emotion

Journal of Neuroscience, 27 (5), 1082-1089.

DOI:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3223-06.2007      URL     PMID:17267562      [本文引用: 1]

Visual attention can be voluntarily directed toward stimuli and is attracted by stimuli that are emotionally significant. The present study explored the case when both processes coincide and attention is directed to emotional stimuli. Participants viewed a rapid and continuous stream of high-arousing erotica and mutilation stimuli as well as low-arousing control images. Each of the three stimulus categories served in separate runs as target or nontarget category. Event-related brain potential measures revealed that the interaction of attention and emotion varied for specific processing stages. The effects of attention and emotional significance operated additively during perceptual encoding indexed by negative-going potentials over posterior regions (approximately 200-350 ms after stimulus onset). In contrast, thought to reflect the process of stimulus evaluation, P3 target effects (approximately 400-600 ms after stimulus onset) were markedly augmented when erotica and mutilation compared with control stimuli were the focus of attention. Thus, emotion potentiated attention effects specifically during later stages of processing. These findings suggest to specify the interaction of attention and emotion in distinct processing stages.

Scott, G. G., O'Donnell, P. J., Leuthold, H., & Sereno, S. C. (2009).

Early emotion word processing: Evidence from event-related potentials

Biological Psychology, 80 (1), 95-104.

DOI:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2008.03.010      URL     PMID:18440691      [本文引用: 1]

Behavioral and electrophysiological responses were monitored to 80 controlled sets of emotionally positive, negative, and neutral words presented randomly in a lexical decision paradigm. Half of the words were low frequency and half were high frequency. Behavioral results showed significant effects of frequency and emotion as well as an interaction. Prior research has demonstrated sensitivity to lexical processing in the N1 component of the event-related brain potential (ERP). In this study, the N1 (135-180 ms) showed a significant emotion by frequency interaction. The P1 window (80-120 ms) preceding the N1 as well as post-N1 time windows, including the Early Posterior Negativity (200-300 ms) and P300 (300-450 ms), were examined. The ERP data suggest an early identification of the emotional tone of words leading to differential processing. Specifically, high frequency negative words seem to attract additional cognitive resources. The overall pattern of results is consistent with a time line of word recognition in which semantic analysis, including the evaluation of emotional quality, occurs at an early, lexical stage of processing.

Shestyuk, A. Y., & Deldin, P. J. (2010).

Automatic and strategic representation of the self in major depression: Trait and state abnormalities

American Journal of Psychiatry, 167 (5), 536-544.

DOI:10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.06091444      URL     PMID:20360316      [本文引用: 2]

OBJECTIVE: Dysfunctional negative thoughts about the self have long been hypothesized to reflect mood-independent cognitive vulnerability for major depressive disorder. These thoughts are believed to be predominantly automatic, in that they are involuntary and hard to inhibit. However, existing empirical evidence provides limited support for this theory, instead emphasizing the role of intentional ruminative (i.e., effortful) thoughts. To help clarify this theoretical controversy and investigate biased processing of emotional self-referent information in major depression, the authors utilized event-related brain potentials, which are used to index neural engagement during specific stages of cognitive processing. METHOD: The P2 and late positive event-related brain components were examined during a free recall task in patients with current (N=17) or remitted (N=18) major depression and healthy comparison subjects (N=17). Participants made judgments on whether a word described them (self-referential condition) or former U.S. President Bill Clinton (other-referential condition). RESULTS: Healthy comparison subjects and subjects with remitted, but not current, major depression demonstrated enhanced recall of positive self-referent items. Greater component amplitudes in response to negative relative to positive self-referent items were evident in individuals with current and remitted major depression during the automatic processing stage (indexed by the P2 component) and in individuals with current depression during effortful encoding (indexed by the late positive component). CONCLUSIONS: Observed mood-independent abnormalities in automatic processing and mood-dependent abnormalities in effortful processing of emotional self-referent information provide direct support for an integrative theory of cognitive dysfunction in major depression, which amalgamates two main, but largely competing, theories of the disorder.

Suls, J., Lemos, K., & Stewart, H. L. (2002).

Self-esteem, construal, and comparisons with the self, friends, and peers

Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 82 (2), 252-261.

URL     PMID:11831414      [本文引用: 1]

Extending the better than average effect, 3 studies examined self-, friend, and peer comparisons of personal attributes. Participants rated themselves as better off than friends, who they rated as superior to generalized peers. The exception was in direct comparisons, where the self and friends were not strongly differentiated on unambiguous negative attributes. Self-esteem and construal played moderating roles, with persons with high self-esteem (HSEs) exploiting both ambiguous positive and ambiguous negative traits to favor themselves. Persons lower in self-esteem exploited ambiguous positive traits in their favor but did not exploit ambiguous negative traits. Across self-esteem level, ratings of friends versus peers were exaggerated when attributes were ambiguous. HSEs seemed to take advantage of ambiguity more consistently to present favorable self-views; people with low self-esteem used ambiguity to favor their friends but were reluctant to minimize their own faults.

Tacikowski, P., Brechmann, A., Marchewka, A., Jednoróg, K., Dobrowolny, M., & Nowicka, A. (2011).

Is it about the self or the significance? An fmri study of self-name recognition

Social Neuroscience, 6 (1), 98-107.

DOI:10.1080/17470919.2010.490665      URL     PMID:20602286      [本文引用: 6]

Our own name, due to its high social relevance, is supposed to have a unique status in our information processing. However, demonstrating this phenomenon empirically proves difficult as famous and unknown names, to which self-name is often compared in the studies, may differ from self-name not only in terms of the 'me vs. not-me' distinction, but also as regards their emotional content and frequency of occurrence in everyday life. In this fMRI study, apart from famous and unknown names we used the names of the most important persons in our subjects' lives. When compared to famous or unknown names recognition, self-name recognition was associated with robust activations in widely distributed bilateral network including fronto-temporal, limbic and subcortical structures, however, when compared to significant other's name, the activations were present specifically in the right inferior frontal gyrus. In addition, the significant other's name produced a similar pattern of activations to the one activated by self-name. These results suggest that the differences between own and other's name processing may rather be quantitative than qualitative in nature.

Tacikowski, P., Brechmann, A., & Nowicka, A. (2012).

Cross-modal pattern of brain activations associated with the processing of self- and significant other's name

Hum Brain Mapping, 34 (9), 2069-2077.

[本文引用: 3]

Tacikowski, P., Cygan, H. B., & Nowicka, A. (2014).

Neural correlates of own and close-other's name recognition: ERP evidence

Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 8, 194.

DOI:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00194      URL     PMID:24772076      [本文引用: 5]

One's own name seems to have a special status in the processing of incoming information. In event-related potential (ERP) studies this preferential status has mainly been associated with higher P300 to one's own name than to other names. Some studies showed preferential responses to own name even for earlier ERP components. However, instead of just being self-specific, these effects could be related to the processing of any highly relevant and/or frequently encountered stimuli. If this is the case: (1) processing of other highly relevant and highly familiar names (e.g., names of friends, partners, siblings, etc.) should be associated with similar ERP responses as processing of one's own name and (2) processing of own and close others' names should result in larger amplitudes of early and late ERP components than processing of less relevant and less familiar names (e.g., names of famous people, names of strangers, etc.). To test this hypothesis we measured and analyzed ERPs from 62 scalp electrodes in 22 subjects. Subjects performed a speeded two-choice recognition task-familiar vs. unfamiliar-with one's own name being treated as one of the familiar names. All stimuli were presented visually. We found that amplitudes of P200, N250 and P300 did not differ between one's own and close-other's names. Crucially, they were significantly larger to own and close-other's names than to other names (unknown and famous for P300 and unknown for P200 and N250). Our findings suggest that preferential processing of one's own name is due to its personal-relevance and/or familiarity factors. This pattern of results speaks for a common preference in processing of different kinds of socially relevant stimuli.

Tateuchi, T., Itoh, K., & Nakada, T. (2012).

Neural mechanisms underlying the orienting response to subject's own name: An event-related potential study

Psychophysiology, 49 (6), 786-791.

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2012.01363.x      URL     PMID:22416997      [本文引用: 1]

Neural processes underlying the orienting response (OR) to subject's own name (SON) were investigated using the oddball paradigm. Subjects were presented with SON, subject's parent's name, and unfamiliar persons' names while they played a video game and ignored the auditory stimuli. A P3a-like frontal positivity (P440, 440 ms) indexing OR was elicited by SON only when it was the rare stimulus and its amplitude decreased with the repeated presentation of SON. Preceding the P440, SON consistently elicited an early frontal negativity (SON negativity, 170-270 ms), including when SON was the high-probability stimulus, and unlike the P440, this negativity did not habituate. These results conform to the hypothesis that early preattentive processing of speech sounds distinguishes SON from other names irrespective of short-term stimulus context, and that this culminates in an OR only when SON is evaluated as being contextually meaningful.

Thierry, G., & Roberts, M. V. (2007).

Event-related potential study of attention capture by affective sounds

NeuroReport, 18 (3), 245-248.

DOI:10.1097/WNR.0b013e328011dc95      URL     PMID:17314665      [本文引用: 1]

Affective pictures trigger attentional responses in humans but very little is known about the processing of affective environmental sounds. Here, we used an oddball event-related potential paradigm to determine the saliency of unpleasant sounds presented among affectively neutral sounds. Participants performed a one-back task while listening to pseudo-randomized sound sequences comprising 70% neutral sounds, 15% unpleasant sounds of matched peak intensity, and 15% louder neutral sounds. Louder neutral sounds elicited a larger N1 component and a significant P3a variation with a central distribution. Unpleasant sounds did not affect early components but elicited a significant frontocentral P3a modulation. We conclude that affective environmental sounds spontaneously capture human attention but fail to modulate early perceptual processing when sound peak intensity is controlled.

Vuilleumier, P. (2005).

How brains beware: Neural mechanisms of emotional attention

Trends Cognitive Science, 9 (12), 585-594.

[本文引用: 2]

Wang, Y. N., Zhou, L. M., & Luo, J. Y. (2008).

The pilot establishment and evaluation of Chinese affective words system

Chinese Mental Health Journal, 22(8), 608-612.

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汉语情感词系统的初步编制及评定

中国心理卫生杂志, 22(8), 608-612.]

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Watson, L. A., Dritschel, B., Obonsawin, M. C., & Jentzsch, I. (2007).

Seeing yourself in a positive light: Brain correlates of the self-positivity bias

Brain Research, 1152, 106-110.

DOI:10.1016/j.brainres.2007.03.049      URL     PMID:17462610      [本文引用: 2]

Individuals are found to have better recall for self-referent information than other types of information. However, attribution research has shown that self-reference is highly correlated with emotional valence. The present study attempted to identify and separate the processing of self-reference and emotional valence using ERPs. Participants performed a two-choice task, judging the self-referential content of positive and negative words. Reaction times revealed an interaction between self-reference and emotional valence. Faster responses occurred after self-positive and non-self negative words as compared to self-negative and non-self-positive words. A similar interaction was identified in ERP waveforms in the time range of the N400 component at fronto-central electrode sites, with larger N400 amplitudes for words outwith the self-positivity bias. Thus, the size of the N400 may indicate the extent to which information is discrepant with the individual's self-concept.

Watson, R. S. (1986).

The named and the nameless: Gender and person in Chinese society

American Ethnologist, 13 (4), 619-631.

[本文引用: 1]

Zhou, H. Y., Guo, J. L., Ma, X. M., Zhang, M. H., Liu, L. Q., Feng, L. Zhong, N. (2017).

Self-reference emerges earlier than emotion during an implicit self-referential emotion processing task: Event-related potential evidence

Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 11, 451.

DOI:10.3389/fnhum.2017.00451      URL     PMID:28943845      [本文引用: 2]

Self-referential emotion refers to the process of evaluating emotional stimuli with respect to the self. Processes indicative of a self-positivity bias are reflected in electroencephalogram (EEG) signals at ~400 ms when the task does not require a discrimination of self from other. However, when distinguishing between self-referential and other-referential emotions is required, previous studies have shown inconsistent temporal dynamics of EEG signals in slightly different tasks. Based on the observation of early self-other discrimination, we hypothesized that self would be rapidly activated in the early stage to modulate emotional processing in the late stage during an implicit self-referential emotion. To test this hypothesis, we employed an implicit task in which participants were asked to judge the order of Chinese characters of trait adjectives preceded by a self (

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