ISSN 0439-755X
CN 11-1911/B
主办:中国心理学会
   中国科学院心理研究所
出版:科学出版社

心理学报, 2019, 51(6): 648-661 doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1041.2019.00648

研究报告

工作记忆刷新训练改善抑郁倾向大学生情绪调节能力的HRV证据

彭婉晴, 罗帏, 周仁来,

南京大学心理学系, 南京 210023

HRV evidence for the improvement of emotion regulation in university students with depression tendency by working memory training

PENG Wanqing, LUO Wei, ZHOU Renlai,

Department of Psychology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China

通讯作者: 周仁来, E-mail:rlzhou@nju.edu.cn

收稿日期: 2018-04-4   网络出版日期: 2019-06-25

基金资助: * 中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金项目.  14370303
江苏省哲学与社会科学重点基地重大项目.  2015JDXM001
南京大学双创基地重点项目资助.  SCJD0406

Received: 2018-04-4   Online: 2019-06-25

摘要

根据流调中心用抑郁量表(CES-D)和贝克抑郁量表(BDI-II-C)的得分情况招募健康被试20例, 抑郁倾向被试40例, 以自愿参加的分组方式将抑郁倾向被试分为工作记忆刷新训练组和对照组, 每组20例。对训练组进行为期20天的工作记忆刷新训练, 对照组不做处理。记录各组被试在前后测的刷新功能以及在情绪调节任务中量表的得分情况, 并收集各组被试在5种实验条件下的心率变异性(HRV)的频域指标值, 结果发现:前测时抑郁倾向个体的HF-HRV显著低于健康个体的平均水平。经过工作记忆训练, 后测的抑郁倾向训练组在情绪调节任务中的HF-HRV水平有显著的提高, 贴近健康对照组的水平, 并与抑郁倾向对照组分离。研究表明, 工作记忆刷新训练能够使抑郁倾向大学生的HRV活动更接近健康被试的HRV活动, 表明抑郁倾向大学生的情绪调节能力得到了改善。

关键词: 抑郁倾向 ; 工作记忆刷新训练 ; 情绪调节能力 ; 心率变异性(HRV)

Abstract

Emotion regulation provides an effective way to understand and control our emotion. The lack of emotion regulation skill is viewed as one of the major causes of emotional problems, such as depression, anxiety disorder and others. Researchers have attempted to find an effective way to improve individuals’ emotion regulation ability. In recent years, a promising direction is working memory updating, which is an essential element in the central executive component of working memory. Some studies suggest that working memory updating plays a critical role in modulating the emotion regulation process and that working memory updating training can enhance emotion regulation ability.

Thus, it is possible to improve depression-prone individuals’ emotion regulation ability through working memory training.

In order to examine the effect of working memory training on the emotion regulation ability of depression-prone college students, we used CES-D (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale) and BDI-II-C (Beck Depression Inventory II Chinese) evaluation to recruit 40 depression-prone students and 20 healthy students. The depression-prone students were further divided into training and control groups voluntarily. The depression-prone training group completed a 20-day working memory training program. The depression-prone control group and healthy control group did not take part in the training. Participants’ scores for 2-back and 3-back tasks, Emotion Regulation Scale (ERS) scores, subjective emotion ratings for emotion regulation tasks, and HF (High Frequency Power) HRV (Heart Rate Variability) and LF (Low Frequency Power) HRV measurements for five conditions (resting, neutral, attending, relaxed and regulation) during pre-test and post-test phases were collected and analyzed. Statistical methods, including observation and variance analysis, were used to compare collected data from the three groups.

We found a significant main effect of condition on subjective emotion ratings. Participants’ subjective emotion scores for the regulation and attending conditions were significantly higher than those for the neutral condition. In addition, the emotion scores for the regulation condition were significantly lower than those for the attending condition. As for the HRV data, during the pre-test phase, the depression-prone training and control groups had no significant difference with respect to HF-HRV, and their HF-HRV was significantly lower than that of the healthy control group. As for the ratio of LF/HF-HRV, a significant condition × group interaction was found. Resting LF/HF-HRV of the healthy control group was significantly higher than that of the depression-prone training and control groups. During the post-test phase, there was a significant increase in HF-HRV for the depression-prone training group. HF-HRV for the depression-prone training group became closer to that of the healthy control group and was marginally significantly higher than that of the depression-prone control group. Moreover, HF-HRV for the depression-prone training group was significantly higher with respect to the regulation condition than the resting condition, while there was no difference for the other two groups. During the post-test phase, the ratio of LF/HF-HRV for the depression-prone training group was significantly higher than for the depression-prone control group, and there was no significant difference between the depression-prone training group and the healthy control group.

In conclusion, the HRV data for the depression-prone training group was more similar to that of the healthy control group during the post-test phase than that of the depression-prone control group, which indicated an improvement in emotional regulation ability. For future research, a larger sample size and a more sophisticated experimental paradigm for HRV data collection are needed.

Keywords: depression tendency ; working memory updating training ; emotion regulation ability ; heart rate variability (HRV)

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本文引用格式

彭婉晴, 罗帏, 周仁来. 工作记忆刷新训练改善抑郁倾向大学生情绪调节能力的HRV证据. 心理学报[J], 2019, 51(6): 648-661 doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2019.00648

PENG Wanqing, LUO Wei, ZHOU Renlai. HRV evidence for the improvement of emotion regulation in university students with depression tendency by working memory training. Acta Psychologica Sinica[J], 2019, 51(6): 648-661 doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2019.00648

1 引言

近年来, 随着社会竞争力的加大, 在校大学生表现出了越来越多的抑郁倾向, 作为介于完全健康人和抑郁症患者之间的人群, 他们表现出了抑郁情绪但达不到临床诊疗标准, 这不仅会影响他们的生活质量, 而且若不加以适当调整, 任由其发展, 很容易发展为抑郁症(谭曦, 张靖, 吴朝阳, 杜渐, 孔军辉, 2010)。

个体的情绪调节方式往往会对他们的抑郁水平产生影响(黄敏儿, 郭德俊, 2001), 很多研究表明抑郁症患者在情绪调节能力方面存在缺陷。例如, 抑郁症患者会更多地使用不太有效的情绪调节策略, 如冗思和抑制(Gross & John, 2003)。有研究者指出, 情绪调节实质上是一种认知控制(Diestel & Schmidt, 2011), 抑郁个体在处理负性材料时表现出了抑制功能的缺乏或减退, 这与他们容易陷入沉思和缺乏重评的思维习惯有关(Joormann & Gotlib, 2010)。

工作记忆的刷新功能与情绪调节有密切关系。工作记忆刷新是一种发生在中央执行系统中的记忆以旧换新的过程(Morris & Jones, 1990), 而情绪调节也可以被视为一种刷新过程, 即把消极的情绪刷掉, 让新的良好情绪进来(Levens & Gotlib, 2010)。刷新功能是执行功能的一部分, 执行功能尤其是刷新功能在内隐情绪调节中有着独特的作用, 刷新能力强的个体可以灵活地适应个人的行为情境和调整情绪以适应个人目标(Sperduti et al., 2017)。已有研究表明, 工作记忆刷新训练可以有效提升人类的执行功能(Dahlin, Nyberg, Bäckman, & Neely, 2008; Zhao, Zhou, & Fu, 2013), 而执行功能与人类思维的灵活性及情绪调节能力有关(周玫, 周晓林, 2003; Mackie, van Dam, & Fan, 2013)。因此, 有不少研究者认为, 工作记忆刷新功能训练有可能迁移到受训者的认知重评能力上, 从而提高受训者的情绪调节能力(Pe, Raes, & Kuppens, 2013)。另外, 也有研究直接表明个体的刷新能力和情绪恢复能力有显著的联系, 刷新能力越强, 情绪恢复越快(Pe et al., 2015)。还有研究表明, 情绪的社会调节有助于改善个体从工作记忆中更新负面内容的能力(Flores & Berenbaum, 2017)。因此, 刷新能力和情绪调节能力有着密切的关系。Xiu等人尝试使用工作记忆刷新训练的方式, 通过提高健康大学生的刷新功能, 进而提高了他们的情绪调节能力(Xiu, Zhou, & Jiang, 2016)。

对于抑郁症患者, 研究发现他们也存在刷新功能的缺陷(Levens & Gotlib, 2010), 由于无法及时更新其不良情绪, 才导致了消极情绪的堆积, 最终造成抑郁状态。基于此, 本研究旨在探索有抑郁倾向的大学生通过工作记忆刷新训练后, 其情绪调节能力是否会获得改善, 以期为抑郁倾向患者的干预提供借鉴。

人的情绪调节能力的客观测量指标是一个备受关注的话题, 在情绪的生理心理学研究中, 以往采用的生理指标包括心率、呼吸、皮肤电阻以及手指温度等(Alaoui-lsmaïli, Vernet-maury, Dittmar, Delhomme, & Chanel, 1997)。近年来, 由于心率变异性(Heart Rate Variability, HRV)研究方法的日渐成熟, HRV已经被认为是一系列反映交感-副交感神经活动的方便、客观和直接的指标, 并在压力、紧张等情绪的研究中被广泛应用(Sharma & Gedeon, 2012)。心率变异性是指逐次心搏间期之间的微小变异, 代表了窦性心率的波动变化程度(庹焱, 陶红, 朱铨英, 2001)。在生理条件下, HRV的产生主要是由于心脏窦房结自律活动通过心交感和心迷走神经、神经中枢、压力反射和呼吸活动等因素的调节作用, 使得心脏每搏间期一般存在几十毫秒的差异(刘晓芳, 叶志前, 2001), 这些差异的存在是正常的且必要的, 它反映了我们自主神经的灵活性, 使我们的生理和情绪状态得以更好地适应环境的需求(Appelhans & Luecken, 2006)。由于HRV是一项能够反映心脏为满足不断变化的情境需求而做出的调节活动程度的生理指标, 也是反映心交感神经与心迷走神经张力及其平衡的重要指标(付安爽, 2015), 其值大小能够度量心交感神经和心迷走神经对心率的连续影响, 指示自主神经灵活性的大小, 因此可以用来反映个体调节情绪的能力(Williams et al., 2015; Appelhans & Luecken, 2006)。

本研究仅涉及对HRV的频域指标的讨论, 主要关注的频谱成分是高频(high-frequency)和低频成分(low-frequency)。高频段(HF, 0.15~0.4 Hz)的频带是依据正常呼吸的频率范围1(人类正常的呼吸频率为16~20次/分, 即0.27~0.33次/秒, 频率的国际单位为次/s (Hz))来划定的, 反映的是心迷走神经的功能状态(Libby, Worhunsky, Pilver, & Brewer, 2012), 高频的成分越多(功率越大), 表示该个体所处的状态与正常的呼吸节律越接近, 即情绪状态越佳(Thayer, Åhs, Fredrikson, Sollers, & Wager, 2012), 有研究者指出, 从静息态到情绪调节过程中HF的变化与临床结果有着前瞻性的联系(Libby et al., 2012); 低频段(0.04~0.15 Hz)是心交感神经和心迷走神经共同作用的产物, 由于担心LF受到心迷走神经的影响, 许多学者将LF/HF作为“交感平衡指数” (Appelhans & Luecken, 2006)。心交感神经是植物性神经的一部分(植物神经系统是内脏神经纤维中的传出神经, 其掌握着心脏搏动、呼吸、消化、血压以及新陈代谢等生理功能); 心迷走神经为混合神经, 它除了支配着呼吸、消化两个系统的大部分器官之外, 还掌控着心脏的感觉、运动与腺体分泌等活动。心迷走神经的神经末梢主要释放乙酰胆碱类神经递质, 其作用与心交感神经的作用相反, 抑制起搏细胞的自发兴奋并使心率减速。在通常情况下, 心交感神经和心迷走神经的其中一个在起主导作用。比如, 在正常休息状态下, 心迷走神经作用占主导, 但是随着运动水平的增强, 心迷走神经活性减弱, 心交感神经活动增强, 应激反应则主要是依靠交感和迷走神经系统对体内器官及组织的调节来实现的, 这就为HRV指示个体的情绪状态提供了生理基础。就HRV频域指标在抑郁状态当中的指示作用而言, 目前较为统一的观点是高频心率变异性(HF-HRV)与成人和青少年的抑郁程度之间存在显著的负相关关系(Koenig, Kemp, Beauchaine, Thayer, & Kaess, 2016), 有研究表明静息状态的HF-HRV能够预测青少年在一年后的抑郁状况, 即静息态HF-HRV越高, 一年后的抑郁症状越轻(Vazquez et al., 2016)。还有研究显示人体在调节情绪时, HF-HRV会升高(Libby et al., 2012), 在焦虑紧张时, HF-HRV会降低(Åhs, Iii, Furmark, Fredrikson, & Thayer, 2009; Di et al., 2012)。另一方面, 现有文献少有针对LF/HF指示情绪调节能力的研究, 但最近有实验研究者指出, 在威胁刺激下, 惊恐障碍的患者会由于自主神经失调而引起LF/HF-HRV的显著升高(Wang et al., 2013), 以及相对于不调节情绪的组别而言, 调节情绪的实验组表现出了更低的LF/HF-HRV (Wang et al., 2016), 加上LF/HF被认为是指示自主神经平衡性的指标(Malliani, Pagani, Lombardi, & Cerutti, 1991), 故本实验将其纳入分析范畴。

基于以上研究背景, 本文旨在探究工作记忆刷新训练对有抑郁倾向的大学生情绪调节能力的影响, 以HRV为生理指标, 结合相应的主观量表调查问卷, 考察接受了工作记忆刷新训练的抑郁倾向大学生相对于健康大学生和未接受训练的抑郁倾向大学生而言, 在情绪调节任务中的表现是否有差异。另外本次研究除了设计静息态以外, 还设计了投入状态和调节状态, 旨在探究大学生在努力调节情绪时, 其HRV值的变化情况。

2 研究材料与方法

2.1 研究对象

通过互联网和张贴海报的方式在南京市两所大学招募被试, 采用抑郁量表(CES-D)和贝克抑郁量表-第二版中文(BDI-Ⅱ-C)对自愿参加实验大学生进行筛选, 纳入标准:(1)抑郁倾向组:BDI-Ⅱ-C得分大于或等于15分, 且CES-D得分大于或等于20分, 且未达到CCME-3关于抑郁症的诊断标准; (2)健康组:BDI-Ⅱ-C得分小于15分, 且CES-D得分小于20分(杨文辉, 熊戈, 2016)。同时满足右利手、视力或矫正视力正常、无任何精神疾病、不吸烟、不喝酒、未服用任何精神兴奋药物等条件。最终筛选出40名抑郁倾向被试(自愿分成抑郁倾向训练组和抑郁倾向对照组)和20名健康被试。健康组与抑郁组被试的性别和年龄分布无显著差异, CES-D及BDI-II-C量表得分情况均表现为抑郁倾向组显著高于健康被试组。所有被试均签署了知情同意书, 并在实验结束后获得了一定的报酬。该研究得到了南京大学心理学研究伦理委员会的同意。

2.2 主要研究工具

2.2.1 刷新功能测试

前后测采用2-back和3-back任务来测量被试的工作记忆刷新能力, 在2-back任务中, 要求被试比较当前出现的字母是否和此前刚呈现过的前面第二个字母相同。3-back任务则是比较当前字母和此前呈现过的前面第三个字母是否相同。分别统计抑郁倾向训练组、抑郁倾向对照组和健康对照组被试在前后测的2-back和3-back任务的反应时和正确率。

2.2.2 情绪调节量表和主观评分量表

本研究采用的情绪调节量表考察被试的情绪调节能力, 问卷共有14个题项, 每题项以1~7的7点量表计分(1完全不同意; 4不同意也不反对; 7完全同意), 题目涉及个体的情绪体验及情绪表达, 问卷分为认知重评和表达抑制两个维度分量表, 每个维度有7个项目, 目的是测量被试对认知重评和表达抑制两种情绪调节策略的使用倾向。研究表明, 该量表在大学生样本中使用具有良好的信度指标, 认知重评和表达抑制维度的重测信度系数分别达到0.85和0.87 (王力, 陆一萍, 李中权, 2007)。另外, 采用9点主观评分量表评估被试在观看视频时的主观情绪体验, 1~9分表示从非常积极到非常消极, 5分是中性。

2.2.3 情绪调节任务

使用周仁来等人修订的情绪视频库, 该视频库包含8种情绪状态如快乐、悲伤、中性等, 每种情绪状态包括了8个视频片段, 共64个视频片段, 效价和情绪唤醒度在相同类型的视频之间无显著差异(Deng, Yang, & Zhou, 2017)。本实验从中挑选了4个中性片段和8个负性片段, 让被试观看。视频实验分为3个阶段:(1) 中性状态:被试会看到一个中性的情绪视频(例如天气预报或一个中国的书法讲座), 指导语要求被试仅仅注意就可以了, 不用抑制他们的想法和感受。(2) 投入状态:在这个条件下, 被试会看到一个负性情绪的视频(例如战争的场景或交通事故), 指导语要求在这个过程中, 被试要投入, 并且自然地感受自己的情绪。(3) 调节状态:被试会看到一个负性情绪的视频, 指导语要求他们需要尽可能地调节他们的情绪。在各阶段的转换之间都会有2分钟的休息时间去帮助被试恢复平静并填写视频主观评分量表。

2.2.4 工作记忆刷新训练

采用赵鑫等研究者使用过的(Zhao et al., 2013; Xiu et al., 2016)工作记忆刷新训练程序。该电脑程序主要包括三个任务, 分别是字母活动记忆任务、动物活动记忆任务和方位活动记忆任务。例如, 字母活动记忆任务的内容是:首先, 屏幕中央出现一个“+”, 提示任务马上开始, 接着屏幕正中央会依次、逐个地出现字母, 且出现的字母个数并不是固定的, 一共有5、7、9、11四种长度, 每种长度随机出现。要求被试依次记住最后出现的三个字母, 即一直保持记住最近出现的三个字母。如逐个出现的字母依次为S-D-F-G-H, 被试需要回答F-G-H; 若依次出现的字母为S-D-F-G-H-J-K, 被试则要回答H-J-K。最后, 屏幕中央会出现一个方框, 被试按照顺序依次输入最后出现的三个字母。字母呈现的起始时间为1750 ms/个, 之后随着被试的得分, 难度依次产生变化。动物活动记忆任务和方位活动记忆任务也依据类似的原理要求被试记忆倒数出现的某几个动物或方位。被试每天完成6组, 每组5个单元, 如被试在5个单元中答对3个及3个以上单元, 动物的呈现时间缩短100 ms/个, 被试在5个单元中答对2个及2个以下单元, 字母呈现时间延长100 ms/个。

2.2.5 MP150多导生理记录仪

采用BIOPAC的MP150多导生理记录仪对被试的心电数据进行收集, 采样率为1000 Hz, 使用0.5 Hz的高通和35 Hz的低通。

2.3 主要研究方法和操作流程

2.3.1 被试的分组

以自愿参加训练的方式将有抑郁倾向被试分为工作记忆刷新训练组和对照组, 每组20例, 分组后的被试基本情况见表1。对三组的CES-D和BDI-II-C得分进行方差分析, 发现在CES-D得分上, 组别的主效应显著, F(2, 57) = 74.65, p < 0.001, η2p = 0.72; 且健康对照组的得分显著高于抑郁倾向训练组(p < 0.001)和抑郁倾向对照组(p < 0.001), 抑郁倾向训练组和对照组没有显著差异(p = 0.28)。在BDI-II-C得分上, 组别的主效应也显著, F(2, 57) = 78.44, p < 0.001, η2p = 0.73; 健康对照组的得分同样显著高于抑郁倾向训练组(p < 0.001)和抑郁倾向对照组(p < 0.001), 抑郁倾向训练组和对照组没有显著差异(p = 0.23)。

表1   研究对象分组情况

组别性别(男/女)年龄(岁)CES-D得分BDI-Ⅱ-C得分
健康对照组6/1419.95 ± 1.6011.55 ± 5.073.90 ± 3.86
抑郁倾向训练组4/1620.40 ± 1.3128.85 ± 5.4720.57 ± 5.33
抑郁倾向对照组3/1719.75 ± 1.6530.70 ± 5.8221.50 ± 6.33

注:三组例数都是20。

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2.3.2 研究对象的处理

三组被试均需在各自的实验开始前后完成刷新功能测试、情绪调节量表以及情绪调节任务(见图1)。其中, 训练组在前后测之间有为期20天的工作记忆刷新训练, 每天20~30分钟。对照组不做训练。

图1

图1   实验流程图


2.4 数据的采集和处理

2.4.1 情绪调节量表和主观评分量表

在工作记忆刷新训练前后的两个时间点, 采用情绪调节量表对被试的情绪调节能力进行测试。在情绪调节任务中, 每看完一种条件的视频后, 被试会休息2分钟, 并采用9点评分量表评估他们在观看视频时的主观情绪体验。

2.4.2 多导指标

首先收集被试在静息状态下的5分钟心电图(ECG), 并在随后的情绪任务中, 收集被试在观看视频期间的ECG, 每种条件的视频观看结束后有2分钟的静息时间让被试的生理指标恢复到基线水平, 所采集的ECG数据不包括评价阶段(即被试在评估他们对视频的情绪感受时)的数据, 以免产生混淆。为考察被试情绪的纯净变化量, 消除个体本身在观看视频时HRV基线水平的高低本身的影响, 对数值做进一步定义如下:

HF投入态的净改变量为:ΔHF投入 = 投入状态HF - 中性状态HF

HF调节态的净改变量为:ΔHF调节 = 调节状态HF - 中性状态HF

ΔLF/HF投入态的净改变量为:ΔLF/HF投入 = 投入状态LF/HF - 中性状态LF/HF

ΔLF/HF调节态的净改变量为:ΔLF/HF调节 = 调节状态LF/HF - 中性状态LF/HF

2.4.3 数据的分析处理

由多导仪显示屏上读出单位为s2/Hz的频域指标值, 按照高频段0.15~0.4 Hz, 低频段0.04~0.15 Hz的横坐标范围对相应的频段进行积分, 得出单位为s2的频域指标值, 再由1 s = 1000 ms换算得到以ms2为单位的相应值, 然后开方得到以毫秒为单位的数量值。对HF-HRV、LF/HF-HRV在5种实验条件下的数值及其变化趋势进行方差分析, 对情绪调节量表得分情况以及HRV的净改变量进行重复测量方差分析, 球形检验未通过时, 采用greenhouse-geisser法对自由度F和统计值p进行校正。

3 结果

3.1 刷新功能测试结果

三组被试在前后测的2-back和3-back成绩如表2所示。对三组的2-back正确率进行重复测量方差分析, 发现时间的主效应显著, F(1, 57) = 23.31, p < 0.001, η2p = 0.29; 时间和组别的交互作用不显著, F(2, 57) = 0.55, p = 0.58。对2-back反应时进行方差分析, 同样发现时间的主效应显著, F(1, 57) = 18.36, p < 0.001, η2p = 0.24; 时间和组别的交互作用不显著, F(2, 57) = 1.11, p = 0.33。表明三组在后测的正确率都有显著的提高, 反应时都有显著的缩短。

表2   2-back和3-back任务反应时和正确率

刷新功能抑郁倾向训练组抑郁倾向对照组健康对照组
2-back正确率(%)
前测77.82 ± 15.9578.69 ± 15.7074.85 ± 14.90
后测84.13 ± 9.0689.56 ± 7.9084.70 ± 9.38
提高6.30 ± 14.1310.86 ± 14.829.85 ± 14.37
2-back反应时(ms)
前测1036.29 ± 204.401049.52 ± 182.211121.83 ± 206.04
后测980.61 ± 207.58935.94 ± 182.18978.98 ± 169.21
提高-55.68 ± 221.96-113.58 ± 194.04-142.84 ± 138.54
3-back正确率(%)
前测62.04 ± 11.8266.59 ± 14.4764.70 ± 14.06
后测75.90 ± 12.9475.45 ± 13.4672.70 ± 12.63
提高13.86 ± 16.258.86 ± 17.608.00 ± 15.18
3-back反应时(ms)
前测1095.30 ± 247.681086.36 ± 189.901084.86 ± 199.58
后测1021.73 ± 241.30984.06 ± 201.241015.10 ± 163.16
提高-73.57 ± 224.06-102.30 ± 204.90-69.76 ± 173.54

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对三组的3-back正确率进行重复测量方差分析, 发现时间的主效应显著, F(1, 57) = 23.46, p < 0.001, η2p = 0.29; 时间和组别的交互作用不显著, F(2, 57) = 0.74, p = 0.47。对3-back反应时进行分析, 同样发现时间的主效应显著, F(1, 57) = 9.86, p = 0.003, η2p = 0.14; 时间和组别的交互作用不显著, F(2, 57) = 0.15, p = 0.85。三组在3-back后测的正确率都有显著的提高, 反应时都有显著的缩短。

对三组的提高量进行方差分析发现组别的主效应均不显著。

3.2 主观情绪量表

被试对视频的主观评分结果见表3。对三组在前后测主观评分量表的得分进行2(时间:前测、后测) × 3(条件:中性、投入、调节状态) × 3(组别:抑郁倾向训练组、抑郁倾向对照组、健康对照组)的混合方差分析, 发现除条件主效应显著(F(2, 171) = 173.66, p < 0.001, η2p = 0.67)之外, 其余主效应和交互效应均不显著(p > 0.05)。条件差异主要表现为被试对投入和调节状态下视频的评分均显著高于中性状态(p < 0.001, p < 0.001), 调节状态的得分显著低于投入状态的得分(p < 0.001), 说明视频区分度可靠, 负性视频成功激发了被试的主观体验, 且指导语有效, 被试在观看负性视频并主动调节情绪时, 他们主观上体验到的负性情绪减少了。

表3   情绪任务中被试对视频的主观评分结果

条件抑郁倾向训练组抑郁倾向对照组健康对照组
中性状态
前测5.02 ± 0.414.75 ± 0.574.65 ± 0.54
后测4.95 ± 0.744.67 ± 0.374.90 ± 0.38
投入状态
前测7.30 ± 1.097.40 ± 1.037.12 ± 0.88
后测7.30 ± 1.117.07 ± 0.867.42 ± 0.87
调节状态
前测6.02 ± 1.166.57 ± 0.926.40 ± 0.66
后测6.07 ± 0.906.52 ± 0.896.30 ± 1.14

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3.3 情绪调节量表

情绪调节量表得分结果见表4。对三组被试在前后测的情绪调节量表得分进行2(时间:前后测) × 3(组别:抑郁倾向训练组、抑郁倾向对照组、健康对照组)方差分析, 结果显示, 在表达抑制维度上, 时间的主效应不显著, F(1, 57) = 0.29, p = 0.591; 组别的主效应不显著, F(2, 57) = 0.42, p = 0.66; 时间和组别的交互作用也不显著, F(2, 57) = 1.71, p = 0.19。在认知重评维度上, 时间主效应不显著, F(1, 57) = 1.09, p = 0.30; 时间和组别的交互作用也不显著, F(2, 57) = 0.17, p = 0.84; 而组别的主效应显著, F(2, 57) = 3.90, p = 0.026, η2p = 0.12。进一步的两两比较分析发现, 在认知重评维度上, 抑郁倾向训练组和抑郁倾向对照组之间、以及抑郁倾向训练组和健康对照组之间均未体现出显著性差异(p > 0.05), 而抑郁倾向对照组的得分显著低于健康对照组(p = 0.007)。三组被试的认知重评子量表得分情况见图2

表4   情绪调节量表前后测结果

量表维度抑郁倾向训练组抑郁倾向对照组健康对照组
表达抑制
前测29.10 ± 8.1629.95 ± 6.1128.10 ± 6.39
后测27.10 ± 6.9229.80 ± 7.5929.15 ± 5.59
认知重评
前测33.65 ± 6.2031.15 ± 6.3136.20 ± 3.75
后测33.80 ± 6.4732.20 ± 8.5937.05 ± 4.51
总分
前测62.75 ± 12.2161.10 ± 8.4764.30 ± 7.75
后测60.90 ± 10.1862.00 ± 13.1666.20 ± 7.42

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图2

图2   情绪调节量表认知重评子量表得分条形图


3.4 HF-HRV

3.4.1 前测HF-HRV的结果

考察3组被试在视频任务过程中HF-HRV的变化情况, 前测结果如图3。对前测数据进行3(组别:抑郁倾向训练组、抑郁倾向对照组、健康对照组) × 5(条件:静息、中性、投入、放松、调节)的方差分析显示:条件主效应不显著, F(4, 285) = 0.48, p = 0.74; 时间和组别的交互作用不显著, F(8, 285) = 1.23, p = 0.28; 而组别主效应显著, F(2, 285) = 7.22, p = 0.001, η2p = 0.04。说明在未干预的状态下HF-HRV值在三组之间本身就存在着显著区别, 对组别进行进一步的两两比较分析显示, 抑郁倾向训练组和抑郁倾向对照组的HF-HRV值均显著低于健康对照组的平均水平(p = 0.001; p = 0.002, 见图3), 两个抑郁倾向组之间不存在显著性差异(p = 0.84)。

图3

图3   三组被试在前后测的情绪调节任务中5个条件下的平均HF-HRV值

注:误差线为标准误(SE)。其中上图是三组在前测的HF-HRV值, 差异检验表明, 两个抑郁倾向组之间没有差异, 但他们都与健康组差异显著(p = 0.001, p = 0.002)。下图是三组后测的HF-HRV结果, 抑郁倾向训练组与抑郁倾向对照组差异边缘显著(p = 0.052), 与健康对照组差异不显著。


3.4.2 三组HF-HRV的2(时间) × 3(组别) × 5(条件)混合方差分析

对三组在前后测的HF-HRV数据进行2(时间:前测、后测) × 3(组别:抑郁倾向训练组、抑郁倾向对照组、健康对照组) × 5(条件:静息、中性、投入、放松、调节)的重复测量方差分析。发现组别的主效应不显著, F(2, 57) = 2.55, p = 0.08; 时间的主效应也不显著, F(1, 57) = 0.24, p = 0.62; 条件的主效应显著, F(4, 228) = 2.41, p = 0.049, η2p = 0.04。五个条件两两进行比较发现, 中性状态和投入状态下的HF-HRV之间存在显著差异(p = 0.048), 投入状态下的HF-HRV显著高于中性状态的HF-HRV, 其余差异不显著。另外, 还发现时间×组别的交互作用显著, F(2, 57) = 4.41, p = 0.017, η2p = 0.13; 条件×组别的交互作用也显著, F(8, 228) = 3.20, p = 0.002, η2p = 0.10; 时间×条件、时间×条件×组别的交互作用均不显著。简单效应分析显示, 抑郁倾向训练组和抑郁倾向对照组被试在前测HF-HRV没有显著差异, 在后测抑郁倾向训练组和抑郁倾向对照组差异边缘显著(p = 0.052), 后测抑郁倾向训练组的HF-HRV高于抑郁倾向对照组。还发现, 抑郁倾向训练组在前后测的HF-HRV有显著差异(p = 0.042), 后测的HF-HRV要显著高于前测。抑郁倾向对照组和健康对照组在前后测均没有显著差异。抑郁倾向训练组在调节状态下的HF-HRV要显著高于静息状态(p = 0.002), 其余条件没有显著差异, 抑郁倾向对照组和健康对照组在各个条件下均没有发现显著差异。

3.4.3 ΔHF的重复测量方差分析

对中性→投入状态HF-HRV的净改变量进行2(时间:前测、后测) × 3(组别:抑郁倾向训练组、抑郁倾向对照组、健康对照组)的重复测量方差分析, 结果显示, 时间主效应不显著, F(1, 57) = 0.55, p = 0.46; 组别主效应不显著, F(2, 57) = 0.24, p = 0.79; 时间和组别的交互作用也不显著, F(2, 57) = 0.30, p = 0.74。

对中性→调节状态HF-HRV的净改变量进行2(时间:前测、后测) × 3(组别:抑郁倾向训练组、抑郁倾向对照组、健康对照组)的重复测量方差分析, 结果显示, 时间主效应不显著, F(1, 57) = 0.28, p = 0.59; 组别主效应不显著, F(2, 57) = 0.94, p = 0.39; 时间和组别的交互作用也不显著, F(2, 57) = 0.88, p = 0.42。说明在由中性态过渡到投入态、或是过渡到调节态的过程中, HF的净改变量在三组被试之间、以及在三组被试的前后测之间均未体现出显著的统计学差异。

3.5 LF/HF-HRV

3.5.1 前测LF/HF-HRV的结果

观察图4可以看出:训练前健康对照组的LF/HF-HRV表现为进入中性状态后先下降, 在放松状态处升高, 而两组抑郁倾向的被试均表现为进入中性状态后先升高, 随后在放松状态处下降。对LF/HF-HRV的前测数据进行3(组别:抑郁倾向训练组、抑郁倾向对照组、健康对照组) × 5(条件:静息、中性、投入、放松、调节)的方差分析, 结果显示:前测组别和条件的主效应均不显著, 而条件和组别的交互作用显著(F(8, 285) = 2.02, p = 0.044, η2p = 0.05), 说明三组被试的LF/HF-HRV值随实验条件的变化趋势不完全相同。进一步的简单效应分析显示, 在静息条件下, 健康对照组的LF/HF-HRV的平均水平显著高于抑郁倾向训练组(p = 0.001)和抑郁倾向对照组(p = 0.043), 其他条件下各组没有显著差异。说明在实验前阶段, 抑郁倾向被试有着相对较低的交感神经活动。

图4

图4   三组被试在前后测的情绪调节任务中5个条件下的平均LF/HF-HRV值

注:误差线为标准误(SE), * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01。其中上图是三组在前测的LF/HF-HRV值, 差异检验表明, 在静息条件下, 健康对照组的LF/HF-HRV的平均水平显著高于抑郁倾向训练组(p = 0.001)和抑郁倾向对照组(p = 0.043)。下图是三组后测的LF/HF-HRV结果, 抑郁倾向训练组的LF/HF-HRV显著低于抑郁倾向对照组(p = 0.007)。


3.5.2 三组LF/HF-HRV的2(时间) × 3(组别) × 5(条件)混合方差分析

对前后测的LF/HF-HRV数据进行2(时间:前、后测) × 3(组别:抑郁倾向训练组、抑郁倾向对照组、健康对照组) × 5(条件:静息、中性、投入、放松、调节)的重复测量方差分析。发现组别的主效应不显著, F(2, 57) = 2.94, p = 0.06; 时间的主效应也不显著, F(1, 57) = 0.72, p = 0.39; 条件的主效应显著, F(4, 228) = 8.49, p < 0.001, η2p = 0.13。五个条件两两进行比较发现, 中性状态和投入状态、放松状态、调节状态下的LF/HF-HRV均有显著性差异, 中性状态下的LF/HF-HRV均显著高于投入状态(p < 0.001)、放松状态(p < 0.001)和调节状态(p = 0.002)。另外, 还发现时间×组别的交互作用边缘显著, F(2, 57) = 3.08, p = 0.053, η2p = 0.09; 条件×组别交互作用显著, F(8, 228) = 5.62, p < 0.001, η2p = 0.16; 时间×条件的交互作用也显著, F(4, 228) = 3.69, p = 0.006, η2p = 0.06; 时间×条件×组别的交互作用不显著, F(8, 228) = 1.60, p = 0.12。简单效应分析显示, 三组被试在前测LF/HF-HRV没有显著差异, 在后测抑郁倾向训练组和抑郁倾向对照组差异显著(p = 0.007), 在后测抑郁倾向训练组的LF/HF-HRV要显著低于抑郁倾向对照组。在投入状态下, 抑郁倾向训练组的LF/HF-HRV显著低于抑郁倾向对照组(p = 0.011), 抑郁倾向训练组和健康对照组没有显著差异(p = 1.000)。简单效应分析显示, 静息状态的LF/HF-HRV前后测差异显著(p = 0.036), 后测的LF/HF-HRV显著高于前测。

3.5.3 ΔLF/HF的重复测量方差分析

对中性→投入状态的LF/HF-HRV净改变量进行2(时间:前测、后测) × 3(组别:抑郁倾向训练组、抑郁倾向对照组、健康对照组)重复测量方差分析, 结果显示, 时间主效应以及时间和组别的交互作用均不显著, 而组别的主效应显著, F(2, 57) = 10.93, p < 0.001, η2p = 0.27。对组别进行进一步的两两比较分析发现, 抑郁倾向训练组和抑郁倾向对照组之间、以及抑郁倾向对照组和健康对照组之间存在显著差异(p < 0.001; p = 0.003), 而抑郁倾向训练组和健康对照组之间不存在显著差异(p = 0.16)。结合图5可以看出, 抑郁倾向对照组在投入状态下表现出了更负的LF/HF-HRV净改变值, 说明该组别的被试在由中性状态过渡到投入状态时, 有着较明显的LF/HF-HRV值下降。

图5

图5   三组在前后测的投入与调节状态下LF/HF-HRV净改变量条形图

注:误差线为标准误(SE)。


对中性→调节状态LF/HF-HRV净改变量进行2(时间:前测、后测) × 3(组别:抑郁倾向训练组、抑郁倾向对照组、健康对照组)重复测量方差分析, 结果显示, 时间的主效应显著, F(1, 57) = 5.08, p = 0.028, η2p = 0.082; 组别的主效应也显著, F(2, 57) = 5.08, p = 0.009, η2p = 0.15; 而时间和组别的交互作用不显著, F(2, 57) = 1.65, p = 0.20。时间的显著差异表现为, 前测的ΔLF/HF显著高于后测水平, F(1, 57) = 5.08, p = 0.028, η2p = 0.08。对三组进行两两比较发现, 抑郁倾向对照组的ΔLF/HF显著低于抑郁倾向训练组(p = 0.003)和健康对照组(p = 0.028), 且抑郁倾向训练组和和健康对照组的ΔLF/HF无显著差异(p = 0.40)。

为了进一步明确训练的效应, 分别对前后测的组别差异进行检验, 分析发现, 在前测, 组别的主效应不显著(p = 0.23)。在后测, 组别的主效应显著(F(2, 57) = 5.31, p = 0.008, η2p = 0.15), 对后测数据进行进一步的组间两两比较分析发现, 抑郁倾向训练组和健康对照组的平均值相当(p = 1.00), 均显著高于抑郁倾向对照组(p = 0.017; p = 0.022)。结合图5可以看出, 抑郁倾向对照组在调节状态下表现出了更负的LF/HF-HRV净改变值, 说明该组别的被试在调节状态下相对于中性状态而言, 有着较明显的LF/HF-HRV值下降, 但结合图4可以看出, 净改变量的明显下降主要是由于中性条件下抑郁倾向对照组的LH/HF有明显上升导致的。

4 讨论

工作记忆训练作为一种提升大脑表征与信息维持能力的干预手段, 它不仅被应用在在健康个体的认知功能提高上面, 还被尝试运用在各类临床病人的治疗干预当中, 如注意缺陷多动障碍、抑郁症、焦虑症等, 并发现了很多积极的效果(潘东旎, 李雪冰, 2017)。本研究通过观察和比较健康的和有抑郁倾向的大学生在自然状态下以及在工作记忆刷新训练干预后情绪调节能力的差异, 研究表明工作记忆刷新训练可以改善抑郁倾向大学生的情绪调节能力, 主要反映在情绪激发过程中的HRV变化模式与健康被试相接近以及HF-HRV值升高的层面上。该研究扩展了国内对抑郁倾向个体的生理指标应用的新领域, 具有一定的理论和现实意义。

4.1 抑郁倾向个体情绪调节能力

就前测数据而言, 在自然状态下, 抑郁倾向大学生在主观量表以及生理指标这两个情绪调节指标上均与健康大学生存在显著差异。在主观量表上, 表现为在情绪调节量表的认知重评维度上抑郁倾向对照组的被试得分显著低于健康对照组, 和前人的研究一致(Joormann & Gotlib, 2010)。而抑郁倾向训练组的被试虽然在该维度上得分也低于健康对照组, 但未通过显著性检验, 考虑自愿参加训练的抑郁倾向者或许有较强的改变自我现状的动机。在生理指标上, 有抑郁倾向的大学生HF-HRV显著低于健康大学生, 这与Tonhajzerova, Visnovcova, Mestanikova, Jurko和Mestanik (2016)的研究结果相似, 比起健康个体, 抑郁个体在观看负性情绪视频时会有显著更低的HF-HRV, 可能表明抑郁个体在面对压力应激时会表现出钝化的心血管反应(Tonhajzerova et al., 2016)。另外, 有不少研究指出静息心率变异性代表的是一种在情绪调节需要的情况下可以提供支撑的资源(Thayer & Lane, 2009)。在成功的情绪调节过程中, 不管是通过认知重评还是情感抑制, 心率变异性都会升高(Butler, Wilhelm, & Gross, 2006), 同时低心率变异性也是多种病理生理和精神疾病的危险因素(Thayer & Lane, 2009; Ingjaldsson, Laberg, & Thayer, 2003)。而本研究不仅考察了静息态下的HRV值, 还考察了被试在情绪任务中的HRV频域值的变化情况, 由图3以及3.4.1的结果可以看出, 抑郁倾向的大学生在静息、中性、投入、放松以及调节的状态下, 都表现出了低于健康大学生的HF-HRV值, 说明健康个体生理的唤醒水平较低, 心迷走神经活动水平较高, 利于减轻情绪障碍所致的交感紧张, 从而起到了放松身心的作用。不仅如此, 由图4及3.5.1的结果可以看出, 抑郁倾向的大学生在情绪任务中LF/HF的变化模式与健康大学生有着显著差异, 考虑有抑郁倾向的大学生在参与本次实验任务时, 与健康被试有着不一样的情绪反应模式, 尤其表现在心交感神经方面。另外, 在对LF/HF前测数值的观察中, 健康对照组的LF/HF-HRV显著高于两个抑郁倾向组别, 这和引言部分的介绍相比, 有所偏差, 引言提到, 根据Wang等 (2016) 的说法, 调节情绪会使LF/HF-HRV下降, 而LF/HF-HRV的上升一般出现在自主神经失调过程中(Wang et al., 2016), 但就本次研究看来, 并非绝对如此, 可以考虑在前测条件下, 两个抑郁倾向组在静息条件下都自发地出现了情绪调节的意识(表现为两个抑郁倾向组的LF/HF值显著低于健康被试), 当然, 也有可能是健康个体在将要进入试验情景时较容易被唤醒, 因而由于紧张而表现为心交感神经较为活跃。再者, 对于LF/HF-HRV值的说法并未取得一致意见, 有研究表明睡眠深沉组的LF/HF-HRV显著高于睡眠轻浅组, 说明正常人的交感-迷走神经平衡状态较睡眠轻浅者好(龙捷, 2016), 还有研究质疑了LF/HF对交感-迷走神经的平衡性的指示作用(Billman, 2013), 故笔者认为对该指标的应用需要进一步论证, 尤其是在解释其实际意义时需慎重。前测数据的这些分析结果是对现有研究的进一步推进。

综合前后测的数据分析显示, 工作记忆刷新训练改变了抑郁倾向大学生的HRV情况, 使之趋近正常化。由3.4.2的结果中可以看到, 训练后, 抑郁倾向训练组在情绪调节任务中, 表现出了与健康对照组相似的HF-HRV折线图, 并且这两组的HF- HRV和抑郁倾向对照组的差异边缘显著, 说明通过工作记忆刷新训练, 抑郁倾向个体的HF-HRV得到提升, 贴近健康组的HRV水平, 并与未接受训练的抑郁倾向个体拉开差距。另外, 相比两个对照组, 抑郁倾向训练组在后测HF-HRV有显著的提高, 说明工作记忆刷新训练能有效提高抑郁倾向个体的心迷走神经活性, 从而提高他们的情绪调节能力。另外, 由3.5.2的结果中可以看到, 训练后, 抑郁倾向训练组的LF/HF-HRV要显著低于抑郁倾向对照组。

由上述两个结果看来, 工作记忆刷新训练改善了抑郁倾向大学生的情绪激发模式, 使之趋向正常化, 考虑工作记忆刷新训练通过优化注意资源的分配、削弱对负性情绪的沉浸而提高了受训者的情绪调节能力(Pe et al., 2013)。本次实验设计采用的是双对照组的方法, 从双对照的结果来总结, 一方面抑郁倾向训练组的大学生在训练后与健康对照组的HF-HRV值差异消失, 另一方面抑郁倾向训练组的后测HF-HRV值显著高于抑郁倾向对照组。这种与健康对照组相贴近而与抑郁倾向对照组分离的结果表明了工作记忆刷新训练具有改善抑郁倾向大学生自主神经功能、使之趋向正常化的效果。值得注意的是, 本研究沿用了Xiu (2016)等人的实验假设, 若工作记忆刷新训练可以改变被试的情绪调节能力, 那么方差分析的结果理应表现为调节状态下的HF-HRV在抑郁倾向训练组中有显著改变, 但就目前实验结果来看, 训练组在各个条件下都提升了, 即训练效应并非针对性的作用于情绪调节状态中, 考虑发生在自主神经功能层面上的改变不易受到主观控制(即虽然指导语在主观层面上生效了, 但HRV指标不一定都受到了指导语影响), 但目前证据依旧不足, 有待进一步验证。另外, 对比图3图4中的前后测结果来看, 抑郁倾向对照组在前后测有较明显的HRV波动, 表现为HF-HRV在后测的平移式下降, 以及LF/HF在静息和中性条件下的显著上升, 而抑郁倾向训练组则表现为HF-HRV在后测有上升, LF/HF则几乎不变, 综合前测结果来看, 作者考虑在后测, 未接受工作记忆刷新训练干预的抑郁倾向对照组由于再次试验的熟悉感(因为20天前看过类似的负性视频, 心理遗留着不好的预期, 因而在实验一开始就表现出了自主神经紧张), 因而心交感神经活跃, 再次进入负性视频环节反而有一种解脱感, 另外, 神经细胞的兴奋是存在不应期的, 上一次兴奋后阈限会提升, 再次兴奋会较为困难, 据此可以解释为何在后测, 抑郁倾向对照组在静息和中性条件下会出现LF/HF值上升, 而负性视频中LF/HF下降的反常表现, 即这一过程同时受到被试主观预期和神经细胞不应期的影响。这也侧面反映了该组被试有较为持久的沉浸。

就刷新功能而言, 三组在2-back和3-back任务的后测中都有明显的进步, 表现在正确率的提高和反应时的缩短上面。对三组的方差分析发现, 组别的主效应均不显著, 即没有发现训练组在刷新任务上有更大的提高。一个可能的原因是在编制对于成年人的工作记忆测验时会将难度水平设定在中等偏上一点的程度, 对于多数被试, 稍加训练(两次测验本身就是练习)都会提高, 但提高的幅度有限, 差不多接近天花板效应。根据Zhao (2013)Xiu (2016)等人的研究可以发现, 大学生群体在2-back的正确率都是较高, 反应时较短的, 因此本实验中三组在2-back和3-back任务的成绩上没有组别上的差异也是正常的。本研究中工作记忆训练的重点不在于工作记忆本身提高多少, 主要在于引起功能的改变, 即HRV的变化。本研究使用的工作记忆刷新训练已有很多文章证明过是有效的, 如Zhao (2013)等人的研究表明, 该工作记忆刷新训练能引起个体明显的脑电活动如P2、P3等的改变; Xiu (2016)等人的研究表明此训练能引起正常大学生HF-HRV的改变。本研究主要想证明的也是工作记忆刷新训练对抑郁倾向大学生情绪调节能力的影响, 主要表现在HF-HRV这个指标上。

4.2 HRV差值意义

另外, HRV值本身就表征着每搏心率间期的变异性, 其差值的意义有待考究。本研究的实验设计参考了修利超等人的实验范式(Xiu et al., 2016), 采用差值的做法, 考察被试在投入状态和在调节状态中的“纯净”情绪值。结果显示, 三组被试在训练前后的投入态和调节态中的△HF无显著差异, 而抑郁倾向对照组的ΔLF/HF有显著的波动, 表现为较中性态而言, 有显著下降。虽然从心理学实验设计来说, 做差是为了平衡被试的基线, 去除观看视频本身对被试情绪状态的影响, 但HRV值本身就表征着变异的大小, 即连续心搏间瞬时心率的微小涨落。所以在讨论HRV差值的实际意义时, 要结合其本质属性来讨论。在这里, ΔHF和ΔLF/HF指的都是被试每搏心率间期的变异性在由中性状态过渡到下一状态过程中的改变量, 反映的是心率变异性的波动大小(即波动的波动)。虽然统计结果表明抑郁倾向对照组在由中性条件过渡到调节状态的过程中, 以及在由中性条件过渡到投入状态的过程中均表现出了更负的ΔLF/HF值, 即明显地下调了LF/HF-HRV, 但结合3.5.1 (或图4)的结果来看, 之所以出现这样的差异并非来自于该组别的被试在投入态或调节态时LF/HF-HRV有显著降低, 而只是因为该组被试在中性条件下有过高的LF/HF- HRV值, 即抑郁倾向对照组在后测的情绪任务中, 观看中性视频时出现了较高的心交感神经兴奋的状况, 而另外两组没有。故在使用差值法提取纯净情绪时, 需考虑差值的实际意义, 并结合原始值分析。

4.3 研究局限

特别指出的是, 心率也许在投入和调节状态下都会显著高于中性条件, 但心率变异性则不是, HRV与情绪范式相结合时需要考虑其特殊性, 通过作差法、取差值这一方式来平衡基线更要慎重, 因为基线本身(比如这里指的中性视频的HRV值)就表征着波动, 甚至已经反映了自主神经功能的状况, 所以未必适于作为被减数。另外, 考虑到神经细胞兴奋的不应期, 在今后此类研究中, 应该要注意设计专门适用于HRV的情绪诱发和调节范式。

其次, 由3.3中的结果可以看出, 自愿接受20天工作记忆刷新训练的抑郁倾向被试, 其情绪调节量表的得分情况与健康对照组没有显著差异, 只有抑郁倾向对照组在情绪调节量表得分上体现出了显著低于健康被试的现象, 考虑愿意参加训练的抑郁倾向被试或许有在潜意识中调节自己的情绪。以自愿参加为原则进行分组难免产生混淆因素, 但由于心理学科发展和实验条件的限制, 此类问题目前尚没有得到很好的解决。虽然在实际实验中, 采取自愿训练的分组方法可以保证较低的被试脱离率, 但难免也降低了整个实验分析的效能。在参与率与随机化中进行取舍, 依然是目前在工作记忆刷新训练的相关实验中需面对的问题。随着心理学实验方法的发展, 希望能在实验招募上有更好的处理措施, 以尽可能减少或消除被试在前测由于实验组和对照组非双盲的分组和处理而导致的心理各方面的差异。另外, 为了避免昼夜节律对人体心率变异性的影响, 此类涉及生理指标的研究均应在固定季节固定时段进行。

4.4 未来展望

在关于工作记忆刷新训练的长期效应上, 本研究没有进行长期的追踪, 因此无法得知训练的后续效果如何, 这是今后可以进一步探究的问题。目前还没有关于工作记忆训练在情绪调节方面远迁移长期效应的讨论, 但我们注意到相关的一些工作记忆训练研究对个体自身工作记忆的提高以及在智力方面迁移并维持方面进行了讨论, 如Gropper等人对有注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)的大学生进行为期5周的工作记忆训练, 发现训练的效果可以持续到两个月后(Gropper, Gotlieb, Kronitz, & Tannock, 2014); Chen, Ye, Chang, Chen和Zhou (2017)对儿童进行工作记忆刷新训练, 发现在训练完6个月后受训者在数学成绩上仍有明显提高。因此, 在未来研究可以进一步讨论工作记忆刷新训练的维持效应的问题。

其次是关于HRV正常取值范围的国内常模建立。本研究发现HRV有可能因人种的不同而有不同的波动范围, 本研究所测的HF值大约为160 ms2/Hz, 在0.15~0.4 Hz的波段内积分, 并开方, 得到的结果在6 ms左右, 这和巴西学者Antelmi等在欧洲开展的实验结果稍有差别(Antelmi et al., 2004), 其研究表明20岁左右的巴西人群的正常HF的24小时心电图记录下的HF-HRV值大概在16~18 ms范围内, 这一方面也许是人种差异, 二方面也许是记录时长的差异导致的, 有文献表明24 h的记录结果会高于5 min的结果, 而国内还没有大样本研究或是常模出现, 这是未来值得研究的方向。另外, 考虑短时程HRV与长时程HRV相比, 能较好控制各种影响因素, 稳定程度及真实性更好(柯素颖, 赵娣, 杨芳, 2015), 欧洲心血管病学会及北美心脏起搏和电生理学会专题委员会也建议以5 min作为标准(Listed, 1996)。故本实验采取短时程HRV有较好的稳定性, 但关于可比性, 仍需要大样本调查研究来论证。

最后, 在抑郁的干预中, 也有研究者尝试了使用HRV生物反馈调节的手段(李欣, 桑德春, 邢春晓, 陈炘钧, 宋鲁平, 2016), 这不失为直接作用于人类的情绪调节能力的一项措施, 但目前国际上还没有公认的可用于压力识别研究的HRV或心电信号数据库(刘振, 2016)。HRV的参数是丰富的, 包括频域参数、时域参数以及非线性参数, 每项参数里还划分许多子参数, 可以考虑将一系列参数值作为识别特征, 以随机森林、贝叶斯等算法为建模基础(陈彦会, 2017), 建立压力或情绪的识别系统。希望本项研究可以为今后的实验提供参考。

5 结论

本研究对抑郁倾向大学生的情绪变化、情绪调节、HRV生理指标值等特点进行了观察, 发现抑郁倾向大学生在HRV频域指标上与健康大学生有显著差异。既有数值上的差异, 又有变化模式上的差异。经过训练, 抑郁倾向大学生的HRV值及其变化模式都趋向于正常化, 并与抑郁倾向对照组拉开差距。表明工作记忆训练能够改善抑郁倾向大学生的心率变异性, 并一定程度缓解他们的抑郁倾向。

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大学生情绪调节方式与抑郁的研究

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目的:探讨大学生的情绪及情绪调节方法及其与抑郁和性别的关系.方 法:98名大学本科生接受了情绪量表、情绪调节方式量表和抑郁量表的评定.结果:(1)大学生情绪感受频率序列(从多到少)为:快乐、兴趣、羞愧、内疚、 羞涩、悲伤、惊奇、敌意、愤怒、蔑视、厌恶、恐惧等.(2)一般的模式,在感受负性情绪时出现比较多的忽视和抑制;感受正性情绪时出现比较多的重视和宣 泄;原因调节多于反应调节.(3)男性感受比较多的愤怒,在感受正性情绪时,男性存在比较多的忽视和抑制,女性存在比较多的重视和宣泄.(4)抑郁高分组 包含比较多的羞愧、羞涩、悲伤、自我敌意、恐惧、厌恶、愤怒等负性情绪,比较少的快乐和兴趣.在调节方式上,高抑郁组在感受负情绪时有更多的重视和宣泄, 在感受正性情绪时存在比较多的忽视和抑制,比较少的重视和宣泄.结论:不适当的情绪调节方式可能是增强抑郁的重要原因.

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Cognition & Emotion, 24( 2), 281-298.

DOI:10.1080/02699930903407948      URL     PMID:20300538      [本文引用: 2]

Depression is a disorder of impaired emotion regulation. Consequently, examining individual differences in the habitual use of emotion regulation strategies has considerable potential to inform models of this debilitating disorder. The aim of the current study was to identify cognitive processes that may be associated with the use of emotion regulation strategies and to elucidate their relation to depression. Depression has been found to be associated with difficulties in cognitive control and, more specifically, with difficulties inhibiting the processing of negative material. We used a negative affective priming task to assess the relations among inhibition and individual differences in the habitual use of rumination, reappraisal, and expressive suppression in clinically depressed, formerly depressed, and never-depressed participants. We found that depressed participants exhibited the predicted lack of inhibition when processing negative material. Moreover, within the group of depressed participants, reduced inhibition of negative material was associated with greater rumination. Across the entire sample, reduced inhibition of negative material was related to less use of reappraisal and more use of expressive suppression. Finally, within the formerly depressed group, less use of reappraisal, more use of rumination, and greater expressive suppression were related to higher levels of depressive symptoms. These findings suggest that individual differences in the use of emotion regulation strategies play an important role in depression, and that deficits in cognitive control are related to the use of maladaptive emotion regulation strategies in this disorder.

Ke S. Y., Zhao D., & Yang F . ( 2015).

Effect of breathing regulation training on heart rate variability of breast cancer patients

Maternal and Child Health Care of China, 30, 1495-1499.

[本文引用: 1]

[ 柯素颖, 赵娣, 杨芳 . ( 2015).

呼吸调节训练对乳腺癌患者心率变异性的影响

中国妇幼保健, 30, 1495-1499.]

DOI:10.7620/zgfybj.j.issn.1001-4411.2015.10.06      URL     [本文引用: 1]

目的:探讨乳腺癌患者情绪障碍和年龄等因素与心率变异性(HRV)的关系,并分析呼吸调节训练对乳腺癌患 者HRV的影响.方法:选取2014年3月~7月在该院住院的乳腺癌患者100名,并对其进行DASS21问卷及HRV检测,其中46名患者自愿接受呼吸 调节训练,自行练习1天后,记录第2天干预前及干预后的短时程HRV,并分析不同年龄乳腺癌患者HRV的差异.结果:不同年龄和不同情绪状态下的乳腺癌患 者HRV比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),呼吸调节训练干预后的HRV较干预前明显下降,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论:呼吸调节训练 可以改善乳腺癌患者的自主神经功能,提高其生活质量.

Koenig J., Kemp A. H., Beauchaine T. P., Thayer J. F., & Kaess M . ( 2016).

Depression and resting state heart rate variability in children and adolescents-A systematic review and meta-analysis

Clinical Psychological Review, 46( 46), 136-150.

DOI:10.1016/j.cpr.2016.04.013      URL     PMID:27185312      [本文引用: 1]

61In adults, depression is associated with reduced resting state high-frequency heart rate variability (HF-HRV).61We reviewed the evidence on such association in children and adolescents.61We found lower resting state HF-HRV in clinically depressed adolescents.61Unlike in adults, depressive symptom severity is not associated with HF-HRV.61Clinical implications and suggestions for future research are provided.

Levens S. M., & Gotlib I. H . ( 2010).

Updating positive and negative stimuli in working memory in depression

Journal of Experimental Psychology General, 139( 4), 654-664.

DOI:10.1037/a0020283      URL     PMID:21038984      [本文引用: 2]

Difficulties in the ability to update stimuli in working memory (WM) may underlie the problems with regulating emotions that lead to the development and perpetuation of mood disorders such as depression. To examine the ability to update affective material in WM, the authors had diagnosed depressed and never-disordered control participants perform an emotion 2-back task in which participants were presented with a series of happy, sad, and neutral faces and were asked to indicate whether the current face had the same (match-set) or different (break-set or no-set) emotional expression as that presented 2 faces earlier. Participants also performed a 0-back task with the same emotional stimuli to serve as a control for perceptual processing. After transforming reaction times to control for baseline group differences, depressed and nondepressed participants exhibited biases in updating emotional content that reflects the tendency to keep negative information and positive information, respectively, active in WM. Compared with controls, depressed participants were both slower to disengage from sad stimuli and faster to disengage from happy facial expressions. In contrast, nondepressed controls took longer to disengage from happy stimuli than from neutral or sad stimuli. These group differences in reaction times may reflect both protective and maladaptive biases in WM that underlie the ability to effectively regulate negative affect.

Li X., Sang D. C., Xing C. X., Chen X. J., & Song L. P . ( 2016).

Effects of heart rate variability biofeedback therapy on stress reaction in patients with post-stroke depression

Chinese Journal of Rehabilitation Theory and Practice, 22( 8), 914-920.

[本文引用: 1]

[ 李欣, 桑德春, 邢春晓, 陈炘钧, 宋鲁平 . ( 2016).

心率变异性生物反馈改善卒中后抑郁压力反应的研究

中国康复理论与实践, 22( 8), 914-920.]

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-9771.2016.08.008      URL     [本文引用: 1]

目的探讨认知压力刺激下,心率变异性生物反馈改善自主神经系统功能从而降低压力反应的机制。方法 2013年5月~2015年12月,将48例脑卒中后抑郁患者随机分为反馈组(n=25)和对照组(n=23)。反馈组给予心率变异性生物反馈治疗,而对照组仅使用电脑开展放松治疗而没有反馈信号。以认知能力测试作为压力源,在治疗前后分别比较安静基线状态下、压力状态下及休息状态下心率变异性指标。结果压力刺激下,对照组低频段升高速度高于反馈组(P=0.02),反馈组心率下降而对照组升高(P=0.05);结束时反馈组心率下降且最终低于基线水平(P=0.02)。结论应对认知压力刺激时,心率变异性生物反馈通过降低交感神经敏感性,使个体的交感神经和副交感神经达到动态的平衡。

Libby D. J., Worhunsky P. D., Pilver C. E., & Brewer J. A . ( 2012).

Meditation-induced changes in high-frequency heart rate variability predict smoking outcomes

Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 6( 12), 54.

DOI:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00054      URL     PMID:3307046      [本文引用: 3]

BACKGROUND: High-frequency heart rate variability (HF-HRV) is a measure of parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) output that has been associated with enhanced self-regulation. Low resting levels of HF-HRV are associated with nicotine dependence and blunted stress-related changes in HF-HRV are associated with decreased ability to resist smoking. Meditation has been shown to increase HF-HRV. However, it is unknown whether tonic levels of HF-HRV or acute changes in HF-HRV during meditation predict treatment responses in addictive behaviors such as smoking cessation. PURPOSE: To investigate the relationship between HF-HRV and subsequent smoking outcomes. METHODS: HF-HRV during resting baseline and during mindfulness meditation was measured within two weeks of completing a 4-week smoking cessation intervention in a sample of 31 community participants. Self-report measures of smoking were obtained at a follow up 17-weeks after the initiation of treatment. RESULTS: Regression analyses indicated that individuals exhibiting acute increases in HF-HRV from resting baseline to meditation smoked fewer cigarettes at follow-up than those who exhibited acute decreases in HF-HRV (b = -4.89, p = 0.008). CONCLUSION: Acute changes in HF-HRV in response to meditation may be a useful tool to predict smoking cessation treatment response.

Listed N . ( 1996).

Heart rate variability: Standards of measurement, physiological interpretation, and clinical use

European Heart Journal, 17( 3), 354-381.

DOI:10.1093/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a014868      URL     [本文引用: 1]

Liu X. F., & Ye Z. Q . ( 2001).

Analysis methods and application of heart rate variability

International Journal of Biomedical Engineering, 24( 1), 42-45.

[本文引用: 1]

[ 刘晓芳, 叶志前 . ( 2001).

心率变异性的分析方法和应用

国际生物医学工程杂志, 24( 1), 42-45.]

DOI:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4181.2001.01.011      URL     [本文引用: 1]

心率变异性分析作为一种间接评价心脏自主神经功能的分析方法,具有无创性、敏感度高和可定量的优点,日益受到临床医学的重视.本文概述了心率变异性的分析方法和医学应用,并评价和展望其进一步发展.

Liu Z . ( 2016).

Research on mental stress recognition based on heart rate variability (Unpublished master’s thesis)

Tianjin University of Technology.

[ 刘振 . ( 2016).

基于心率变异性的心理压力识别研究(硕士学位论文)

天津理工大学.]

Long J . ( 2016).

Insomnia symptoms quantitative evaluation based on heart rate variability (HRV) (Unpublished master’s thesis)

Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China.

[本文引用: 1]

[ 龙捷 . ( 2016).

基于心率变异性(HRV)的不寐症状定量测评(硕士学位论文)

广西中医药大学, 南宁.]

[本文引用: 1]

Mackie M-A., van Dam N. T., & Fan J . ( 2013).

Cognitive control and attentional functions

Brain Cognition, 82( 3), 301-312.

DOI:10.1016/j.bandc.2013.05.004      URL     PMID:23792472      [本文引用: 1]

Cognitive control is essential to flexible, goal-directed behavior under uncertainty, yet its underlying mechanisms are not clearly understood. Because attentional functions are known to allocate mental resources and prioritize the information to be processed, we propose that the attentional functions of alerting, orienting, and executive control and the interactions among them contribute to cognitive control in the service of uncertainty reduction. To test this hypothesis, we examined the relationship between cognitive control and attentional functions. We used the Majority Function Task (MFT) to manipulate uncertainty in order to evoke cognitive control along with the Revised Attention Network Test (ANT-R) to measure the efficiency and the interactions of attentional functions. A backwards, stepwise regression model revealed that performance on the MFT could be significantly predicted by attentional functions and their interactions as measured by the ANT-R. These results provide preliminary support for our theory that the attentional functions are involved in the implementation of cognitive control as required to reduce uncertainty, though further investigation is needed.

Malliani A., Pagani M., Lombardi F., & Cerutti S . ( 1991).

Cardiovascular neural regulation explored in the frequency domain

Circulation, 84( 2), 482-492.

DOI:10.1161/01.CIR.84.2.482      URL     [本文引用: 1]

Morris N., & Jones D. M . ( 1990).

Memory updating in working memory: The role of the central executive

British Journal of Psychology, 81( 2), 111-121.

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1990.tb02349.x      URL     [本文引用: 1]

Two experiments are reported which suggest that a dynamic memory updating task, running memory, requires two independent mechanisms the articulatory loop and a component of the central executive. Experiment 1 shows that irrelevant speech and articulatory suppression impair the serial recall component of the running memory task but not the updating component. Updating memory affects performance independently of the effects of irrelevant speech and suppression. The second experiment produced the same pattern of results with a close to span memory load. These results are interpreted in terms of the working memory model outlined by Baddeley (1986). It is concluded that the updating of working memory in real time is coordinated by a central executive component of the model.

Pan D. N., & Li X. B . ( 2017).

Working memory training in mental disorders

Advances in Psychological Science, 25, 1527-1543.

[本文引用: 1]

[ 潘东旎, 李雪冰 . ( 2017).

工作记忆训练在精神疾病中的应用

心理科学进展, 25, 1527-1543.]

DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1042.2017.01527      URL     [本文引用: 1]

随着工作记忆缺损与各类精神疾病的关联被逐渐阐明,研究者开始关注工作记忆训练能否作为干预手段应用在精神疾病领域中.当前,在对ADHD、精神分裂症、抑郁、焦虑、成瘾障碍和自闭症患者进行的工作记忆训练中发现了训练近迁移、远迁移以及临床症状缓解的相应证据,以及直接(通过提升工作记忆能力起效)和间接(通过提升其他关联能力起效)两条效益路径.此外,一个针对精神疾病患者的有效训练范式应当就三个层面进行考察:训练的一般成分(即受训的核心加工过程),训练的疾病特异成分(例如情绪工作记忆训练);以及训练的辅助性成分(例如动机、策略、慢波睡眠等).未来研究需要关注适用不同精神疾病的训练范式与程序,促进工作记忆训练的定制化,并且通过完善评估手段进一步澄清工作记忆训练在病患中的效益机制.

Pe M. L., Koval P., Houben M., Erbas Y., Champagne D., & Kuppens P . ( 2015).

Updating in working memory predicts greater emotion reactivity to and facilitated recovery from negative emotion-eliciting stimuli

Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 372.

DOI:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00372      URL     PMID:25914655      [本文引用: 1]

Abstract That emotions change in response to emotion-eliciting events is a natural part of human life. However, it is equally important for emotions to return to baseline once the emotion-eliciting events have passed. This suggests that the ability to emotionally react to and recover from emotion-eliciting events is critical for healthy psychological functioning. But why do individuals differ in their emotion reactivity and recovery? The present work postulates that the ability to update emotional information in working memory (WM) may explain individual differences in emotion reactivity and recovery. Two studies are presented, which examined whether updating ability was related to emotion reactivity and recovery. In Study 1, we assessed participants' self-reported affect as they viewed negative and positive films. Our results revealed that better updating ability was related to greater emotion reactivity and facilitated (i.e., quicker) recovery from watching negative films. In Study 2, participants recalled a recent angering event, and were then instructed to either ruminate about or reappraise the event. Results revealed that updating ability was again related to greater emotion reactivity and facilitated (i.e., successful) emotion recovery in response to the angering event, and that this was unrelated to the emotion regulation strategy used. These findings identify the ability to update emotional information in WM as a possible mechanism in emotion responding.

Pe M. L., Raes F., & Kuppens P . ( 2013).

The cognitive building blocks of emotion regulation: Ability to update working memory moderates the efficacy of rumination and reappraisal on emotion

PloS One, 8( 7), e69071.

DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0069071      URL     PMID:3715480      [本文引用: 1]

The ability to regulate emotions is a critical component of healthy emotional functioning. Therefore, it is important to determine factors that contribute to the efficacy of emotion regulation. The present article examined whether the ability to update emotional information in working memory is a predictor of the efficacy of rumination and reappraisal on affective experience both at the trait level (Study 1) and in daily life (Study 2). In both studies, results revealed that the relationship between use of reappraisal and high arousal negative emotions was moderated by updating ability. Specifically, use of reappraisal was associated with decreased high arousal negative emotions for participants with high updating ability, while no significant relationship was found for those with low updating ability. In addition, both studies also revealed that the relationship between rumination and high arousal negative emotions was moderated by updating ability. In general, use of rumination was associated with elevated high arousal negative emotions. However, this relationship was blunted for participants with high updating ability. That is, use of rumination was associated with less elevated high arousal negative emotions for participants with high updating ability. These results identify the ability to update emotional information in working memory as a crucial process modulating the efficacy of emotion regulation efforts.

Sharma N., & Gedeon T. , ( 2012).

Objective measures, sensors and computational techniques for stress recognition and classification: A survey

Computer Methods & Programs in Biomedicine, 108( 3), 1287-1301.

DOI:10.1016/j.cmpb.2012.07.003      URL     PMID:22921417      [本文引用: 2]

Stress is a major growing concern in our day and age adversely impacting both individuals and society. Stress research has a wide range of benefits from improving personal operations, learning, and increasing work productivity to benefiting society making it an interesting and socially beneficial area of research. This survey reviews sensors that have been used to measure stress and investigates techniques for modelling stress. It discusses non-invasive and unobtrusive sensors for measuring computed stress, a term we coin in the paper. Sensors that do not impede everyday activities that could be used by those who would like to monitor stress levels on a regular basis (e.g. vehicle drivers, patients with illnesses linked to stress) is the focus of the discussion. Computational techniques have the capacity to determine optimal sensor fusion and automate data analysis for stress recognition and classification. Several computational techniques have been developed to model stress based on techniques such as Bayesian networks, artificial neural networks, and support vector machines, which this survey investigates. The survey concludes with a summary and provides possible directions for further computational stress research.

Sperduti M., Makowski D., Arcangeli M., Wantzen P., Zalla T., Lemaire S., … Piolino P . ( 2017).

The distinctive role of executive functions in implicit emotion regulation

Acta Psychologica, 173, 13-20.

DOI:10.1016/j.actpsy.2016.12.001      URL     PMID:27978422      [本文引用: 1]

Several theoretical models stress the role of executive functions in emotion regulation (ER). However, most of the previous studies on ER employed explicit regulatory strategies that could have engaged executive functions, beyond regulatory processes per se. Recently, there has been renewed interest in implicit forms of ER, believed to be closer to daily-life requirements. While various studies have shown that implicit and explicit ER engage partially overlapping neurocognitive processes, the contribution of different executive functions in implicit ER has not been investigated. In the present study, we presented participants with negatively valenced pictures of varying emotional intensity preceded by short texts describing them as either fictional or real. This manipulation was meant to induce a spontaneous emotional down-regulation. We recorded electrodermal activity (EDA) and subjective reports of emotion arousal. Executive functions (updating, switching, and inhibition) were also assessed. No difference was found between the fictional and real condition on EDA. A diminished self-reported arousal was observed, however, when pictures were described as fictional for high- and mild-intensity material, but not for neutral material. The amount of down-regulation in the fictional condition was found to be predicted by interindividual variability in updating performances, but not by the other measures of executive functions, suggesting its implication even in implicit forms of ER. The relationship between down-regulation and updating was significant only for high-intensity material. We discuss the role of updating in relation to the consciousness of one's emotional state.

Tan X., Zhang J., Wu Z. Y., Du J., & Kong J. H . ( 2010).

Depression tendency of college students and mental intervention of Chinese Medicine

Jilin Journal of Chinese Medicine, 30, 741-744.

[本文引用: 1]

[ 谭曦, 张靖, 吴朝阳, 杜渐, 孔军辉 . ( 2010).

大学生抑郁倾向的特点及中医心理干预

吉林中医药, 30, 741-744.]

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1003-5699.2010.09.003      URL     [本文引用: 1]

目前,抑郁人群的逐渐扩大化趋势受到学者的广泛关注.对于介于完 全健康人和抑郁症患者之间的人群,他们会表现出抑郁情绪,但达不到临床诊疗标准,不仅会影响生活质量,如果不加以适当调整,任由发展,则容易发展为抑郁 症.中医心理学以"治未病"的思想为指导,采用中医心理认知疗法、五情相胜法、祝由法、五音疗法等,及时对有明显抑郁倾向的大学生人群进行早期干预,则可 降低其演变为抑郁症的风险.

Thayer J. F., & Lane R. D . ( 2009).

Claude bernard and the heart-brain connection: Further elaboration of a model of neurovisceral integration

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 33( 2), 81-88.

DOI:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.08.004      URL     PMID:18771686      [本文引用: 1]

The intimate connection between the brain and the heart was enunciated by Claude Bernard over 150 years ago. In our neurovisceral integration model we have tried to build on this pioneering work. In the present paper we further elaborate our model. Specifically we review recent neuroanatomical studies that implicate inhibitory GABAergic pathways from the prefrontal cortex to the amygdala and additional inhibitory pathways between the amygdala and the sympathetic and parasympathetic medullary output neurons that modulate heart rate and thus heart rate variability. We propose that the default response to uncertainty is the threat response and may be related to the well known negativity bias. We next review the evidence on the role of vagally mediated heart rate variability (HRV) in the regulation of physiological, affective, and cognitive processes. Low HRV is a risk factor for pathophysiology and psychopathology. Finally we review recent work on the genetics of HRV and suggest that low HRV may be an endophenotype for a broad range of dysfunctions.

Thayer J. F., Åhs F., Fredrikson M., Sollers J. J., & Wager T. D . ( 2012).

A meta-analysis of heart rate variability and neuroimaging studies: Implications for heart rate variability as a marker of stress and health

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 36( 2), 747-756.

DOI:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.11.009      URL     PMID:22178086      [本文引用: 2]

The intimate connection between the brain and the heart was enunciated by Claude Bernard over 150 years ago. In our neurovisceral integration model we have tried to build on this pioneering work. In the present paper we further elaborate our model and update it with recent results. Specifically, we performed a meta-analysis of recent neuroimaging studies on the relationship between heart rate variability and regional cerebral blood flow. We identified a number of regions, including the amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex, in which significant associations across studies were found. We further propose that the default response to uncertainty is the threat response and may be related to the well known negativity bias. Heart rate variability may provide an index of how strongly ‘top–down’ appraisals, mediated by cortical-subcortical pathways, shape brainstem activity and autonomic responses in the body. If the default response to uncertainty is the threat response, as we propose here, contextual information represented in ‘appraisal’ systems may be necessary to overcome this bias during daily life. Thus, HRV may serve as a proxy for ‘vertical integration’ of the brain mechanisms that guide flexible control over behavior with peripheral physiology, and as such provides an important window into understanding stress and health.

Tonhajzerova I., Visnovcova Z., Mestanikova A., Jurko A., & Mestanik M . ( 2016).

Cardiac vagal control and depressive symptoms in response to negative emotional stress

Advances in Experimental Medicine & Biology, 934, 23-30.

DOI:10.1007/5584_2016_17      URL     [本文引用: 1]

We aimed to study complex cardiovagal control using heart rate variability (HRV), linear and nonlinear analyses at rest and during negative emotional stress in healthy students with varying depressive

Tuo Y., Tao H., & Zhu Q. Y . ( 2001).

Research progress in heart rate variability

Journal of Clinical and Pathological Research, 21( 4), 305-308.

[本文引用: 2]

[ 庹焱, 陶红, 朱铨英 . ( 2001).

心率变异性研究进展

临床与病理杂志, 21( 4), 305-308.]

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1673-2588.2001.04.026      URL     [本文引用: 2]

心率变异性指窦性心率的波动变化程度。其发生的主要机制是心脏节律直接受心交感和心迷走神经的双重调节并相互制约。传统的心率变异性分析包括时域方法和频域方法 ,二类指标密切相关 ,非线性分析方法属近年来兴起的“新方法” ,目的在于描述RR间期的动态变化特征。心率变异性可用来预测心脏性猝死、评价心脏自主神经的活动性、均衡性有关的病理状态 ,因而具有重要临床价值。必须建立一种标准的测量分析方法 ,才能使心率变异性成为临床常规监测项目。

Vazquez L., Blood J. D., Wu J., Chaplin T. M., Hommer R. E., Rutherford H. J. V., … Crowley M. J . ( 2016).

High frequency heart-rate variability predicts adolescent depressive symptoms, particularly anhedonia, across one year

Journal of Affective Disorders, 196, 243-247.

DOI:10.1016/j.jad.2016.02.040      URL     PMID:4844545      [本文引用: 1]

61High frequency heart rate variability predicted self-reported depressive symptoms among adolescents one year later.61In accordance with rodent models of depression, anhedonia one year later best explained variance in high frequency heart rate variability.

Wang L., Lu Y. P., & Li Z. Q . ( 2007).

Test of emotion regulation scale in adolescents

Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology, 15( 3), 236-238.

[本文引用: 1]

[ 王力, 陆一萍, 李中权 . ( 2007).

情绪调节量表在青少年人群中的试用

中国临床心理学杂志, 15( 3), 236-238.]

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1005-3611.2007.03.005      URL     [本文引用: 1]

目的:考察情绪调节量表在青少年人群中的信度和效度。方法:对789名中学生施测情绪调节量表,对测试结果进行信、效度分析。结果:情绪调节量表表达抑制维度的α系数为0.77,重新评价维度的α系数为0.83。验证性因素分析的结果显示,标准测量模型与实际数据的拟合程度良好,各项目均在对应的维度上具有0.45以上的完全标准化载荷值。对两个维度的关系进行考察,结果显示独立模型与标准测量模型之间无显著差异。不同年级的学生在两种情绪调节策略的使用上没有显著差异,男生较女生更多使用表达抑制策略。结论:情绪调节量表在青少年人群中具有良好的心理测量学品质,可以在进一步的研究中使用。

Wang S-M., Lee H-K., Kweon Y-S., Lee C. T., Chae J-H., Kim J-J., & Lee K-U . ( 2016).

Effect of emotion regulation training in patients with panic disorder: evidenced by heart rate variability measures

General Hospital Psychiatry, 40, 68-73.

DOI:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2016.01.003      URL     PMID:26947254      [本文引用: 1]

We aimed to examine the effect of emotion regulation training in patients with panic disorder (PD) by measuring heart rate variability (HRV). Forty-eight patients with PD were randomly divided into emotion regulation group (n=25) and no-regulation group (n=23). Three five-minute ECG recordings were taken in the following states: 1) baseline, 2) while subjects viewed 15 aversive pictures (active stimulus), 3) resting state after aversive pictures (post-stimulus). The emotion regulation group briefly received acceptance technique training for five minutes before performing the experimental task. Spectral analysis measures included a high-frequency (HF; 0.15–0.4 HZ) component, a low-frequency (LF; 0.04–0.15Hz) component, and an LF/HF ratio. The mean change in LF/HF ratio from baseline to active stimulus was significantly lower in the emotion regulation group than in the no-regulation group (emotion regulation group, 0.13; no-regulation group, 2.31;t=612.67;P<.05). This suggests that brief emotion acceptance training could decrease aversive stimulus-induced sympathetic hyperactivity in patients with PD.

Wang S-M., Yeon B., Hwang S., Lee H-K., Kweon Y-S., Lee C. T., Chae J-H., & Lee K-U . ( 2013).

Threat-induced autonomic dysregulation in panic disorder evidenced by heart rate variability measures

General Hospital Psychiatry, 35( 5), 497-501.

DOI:10.1016/S0924-977X(13)70819-8      URL     PMID:23845286      [本文引用: 3]

Objective: The objective was to compare autonomic response to threatening stimuli between patients with panic disorder (PD) and healthy volunteers by using 5-min recordings of heart rate variability (HRV). Methods: Twenty-seven patients with PD and 20 healthy controls were recruited. The first 5-min measurement of HRV was conducted at resting state. HRV measurement during threatening stimuli was conducted while participants were viewing 15 threatening pictures. Spectral analyses measures included high-frequency (HF; 0.15-0.4 HZ) component, low-frequency (LF; 0.04-0.15 Hz) component and LF/HF ratio. Results: There was no significant HRV difference between the two groups at the resting state. During threatening stimuli, the PD group had significantly higher LF power and LF/HF ratio and significantly lower HF power than the healthy controls (for all, P<.01). A two-way analysis of variance was employed to determine the effect of group (patient and control) and condition (threatening and resting) on all three HRV measures. The analysis showed a significant main effect of group (F=12.21; P<.01), condition (F=14.21; P<.001) and interaction effect between group and condition (F=4.83; P<.05) on LF/HF ratio. Conclusions: The findings from the present study suggest that patients with PD exhibit a sympathetic predominance when faced with threatening stimuli compared with normal control subjects. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Williams D. P., Cash C., Rankin C., Bernardi A., Koenig J., & Thayer J. F . ( 2015).

Resting heart rate variability predicts self-reported difficulties in emotion regulation: A focus on different facets of emotion regulation

Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 261.

DOI:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00261      URL     PMID:4354240      [本文引用: 1]

The Model of Neurovisceral Integration suggests that vagally mediated heart rate variability (vmHRV) represents a psychophysiological index of inhibitory control and thus, is associated with emotion regulation capacity. Over the past decade, growing empirical evidence supports this notion, showing that those with higher resting vmHRV can regulate negative emotions more adequately. However, to our knowledge, no study has previously examined how resting vmHRV may relate to everyday perceived difficulties in emotion regulation. The present study attempts to examine such relationship in 183 undergraduate students (98 female, 60 minority, mean Age = 19.34). Resting vmHRV was collected during a 5-min resting baseline period, and everyday difficulties in emotion regulation were assessed using the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS). Controlling for potential covariates (including both trait anxiety and rumination), results revealed a negative relationship between resting vmHRV and DERS such that lower resting vmHRV was associated with greater difficulties in emotional regulation, especially a lack of emotional clarity and impulse control, as indicated by the respective subscales of the DERS. These findings provide further evidence for the Neurovisceral Integration Model, suggesting that emotion regulation and autonomic regulation share neural networks within the brain. Moreover, the present study extends prior research by highlighting two distinct facets of emotion regulation (impulse control and emotional clarity) that should be of particular interest when investigating the link between emotion regulation, resting vmHRV, and related health outcomes including morbidity and mortality.

Xiu L., Zhou R., & Jiang Y . ( 2016).

Working memory training improves emotion regulation ability: Evidence from hrv

Physiology & Behavior, 155( 6), 25-29.

DOI:10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.12.004      URL     PMID:26679738      [本文引用: 1]

61The training group's working memory capacity was increased after training.61The HF-HRV in emotion regulation condition was enhanced by training.61Working memory training improves emotion regulation ability.

Yang W. H., & Xiong G. , ( 2016).

Screening for adolescent depression: validity and cut-off scores for depression scales

Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology, 24( 6), 1010-1015.

[本文引用: 6]

[ 杨文辉, 熊戈 . ( 2016).

常用抑郁量表筛查我国青少年抑郁的效度和划界分

中国临床心理学杂志, 24( 6), 1010-1015. ]

DOI:10.16128/j.cnki.1005-3611.2016.06.011      URL     [本文引用: 6]

目的:检验常用抑郁量表即流调用抑郁量表(CES-D)和贝克抑郁量表第2版中文版(BDI-II-C)筛查我国青少年抑郁的效度和划界分。方法:5565名中学生(年龄:14.17±1.66)完成CES-D和BDI-II-C测试,其中634人[即CES-D总分≥20分(n=322)和〈20分(n=312)]进一步完成了学龄期儿童情感障碍和精神分裂症问卷(K-SADS)诊断访谈。对完成访谈的青少年以美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版(DSM-IV)为标准做出抑郁障碍诊断,以此为效标,计算并比较CES-D和BDI-II-C在各自常规和最优划界分下筛查青少年抑郁症和所有抑郁障碍的效度。结果:1CES-D以总分≥29和≥24分为最优划界分,分别筛查青少年抑郁症和所有抑郁障碍的敏感度为94%-97%,特异度为74%-79%,阳性预测值为21%-30%,接受者操作特征(ROC)曲线下面积(AUC)为0.88-0.91;BDI-II-C以总分≥28和≥15分为最优划界分,分别筛查青少年抑郁症和所有抑郁障碍的敏感度为91%-95%,特异度为80%-83%,阳性预测值为23%-35%,AUC为0.88-0.91。2CES-D在常规划界分下筛查青少年抑郁症(≥24分)和所有抑郁障碍(≥20分)的特异度(55%-70%)和阳性预测值(16%-20%)均小于最优划界分;BDI-II-C在常规划界分下筛查青少年抑郁症(≥29分)和所有抑郁障碍(≥14分)结果与最优划界分相似,除筛查所有抑郁障碍的敏感度(99%)优于最优划界分(95%);3CES-D筛查抑郁症和所有抑郁障碍的特异度均小于BDI-II-C。结论:两常用抑郁量表筛查我国青少年抑郁具有较好的效标效度,建议CES-D选用最优划界分,BDI-II-C选用常规划界分。

Zhao X., Zhou R., & Fu L . ( 2013).

Working memory updating function training influenced brain activity

PloS One, 8( 8), e71063.

DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0071063      URL     PMID:24015182      [本文引用: 1]

Recent studies demonstrated that working memory could be improved by training. We recruited healthy adult participants and used adaptive running working memory training tasks with a double-blind design, combined with the event-related potentials (ERPs) approach, to explore the influence of updating function training on brain activity. Participants in the training group underwent training for 20 days. Compared with the control group, the training group's accuracy (ACC) in the two-back working memory task had no significant differences after training, but reaction time (RT) was reduced significantly. Besides, the amplitudes of N160 and P300 increased significantly whereas that of P200 decreased significantly. The results suggest that training could have improved the participants' capacity on both inhibitory and updating.

Zhou M., & Zhou X. L . ( 2003).

The executive function and emotion regulation of children

Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 1( 3), 194-199.

[本文引用: 4]

[ 周玫, 周晓林 . ( 2003).

儿童执行功能与情绪调节

心理与行为研究, 1( 3), 194-199.]

URL     [本文引用: 4]

The executive function system can control and regulate person′s psychological processes and behaviors. Children′s cognitive processes and their emotion and behaviors are also influenced by their executive function. So the development of executive function becomes a focus of developmental psychology. Nowadays, many psychologists try to find out how the children′s executive system development and work. They think that we can know more about our brain through this kind of research. For some researchers argue that the executive function will also regulate children′s social behaviors, more and more researchers try to integrate children′s social behaviors such as self-control and emotion regulation with the executive function. They want to reveal the relation between executive function and emotion regulation. This article summarizes some important productions in this filed.

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