ISSN 0439-755X
CN 11-1911/B
主办:中国心理学会
   中国科学院心理研究所
出版:科学出版社

心理学报, 2018, 50(7): 693-702 doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1041.2018.00693

研究报告

美感对西方绘画无意识加工的影响

尚俊辰1, 刘智慧1, 陈文锋,2,3, 傅小兰3,4

1 辽宁师范大学心理学院, 大连 116029

2 中国人民大学心理学系, 北京 100872

3 中国科学院心理研究所, 脑与认知科学国家重点实验室, 北京 100101

4 中国科学院大学心理学系, 北京 100049

Influence of aesthetics on unconscious processing of western paintings

SHANG Junchen1, LIU Zhihui1, CHEN Wenfeng,2,3, FU Xiaolan3,4

1 School of Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116029, China

2 Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China

3 State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China

4 Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

通讯作者: 通讯作者,陈文锋, E-mail:wchen@ruc.edu.cn

收稿日期: 2017-06-15   网络出版日期: 2018-07-15

基金资助: * 国家自然科学基金项目.  31400869
国家自然科学基金项目.  31371031
国家自然科学基金项目.  61632004
国家自然科学基金项目.  61375009
中国国家自然科学基金委和德国基金会中德合作项目.  NSFC 61621136008/DFG TRR-169
辽宁省教育厅项目 .  L201683685
2016年“中国科学院大学生创新实践训练计划”

Received: 2017-06-15   Online: 2018-07-15

摘要

采用连续闪烁抑制范式(Continuous Flash Suppression, CFS), 通过比较不同美感的图片的突破抑制时间,考察了美感对西方绘画无意识加工的影响。实验1使用黑白噪音图片, 通过单因素被试内设计考察了高、中、低三种美感等级的彩色西方绘画的突破抑制时间。结果发现, 美感高和美感中等的西方绘画比美感低的西方绘画能更快突破噪音图片的抑制进入意识。实验2考察在彩色噪音图片的抑制下, 美感是否依然影响彩色西方绘画突破抑制的时间。结果发现, 美感不影响西方绘画突破抑制时间, 且突破抑制时间显著长于实验1。这些结果表明美感对西方绘画无意识加工的影响受到双眼竞争的眼间抑制过程的限制, 只有在黑白噪音图抑制的情况下, 美感会影响西方绘画进入意识的速度。与黑白噪音图片相比, 彩色噪音图片可能对颜色信息的抑制更强, 干扰了美感对西方绘画无意识加工的影响。

关键词: 美感 ; 双眼竞争 ; 连续闪烁抑制 ; 西方绘画 ; 无意识加工

Abstract

People prefer beautiful visual artworks. Aesthetic experiences to beautiful and ugly images are different. Studies on neuroaesthetics showed different neural responses to beautiful stimuli compared to ugly stimuli. The first stage of aesthetic experience of a visual artwork is visual perception of the stimulus. Most research about aesthetic processing focused on stimuli presented consciously. Little is known about whether aesthetic processing can occur unconsciously. Previous research suggested that both beautiful paintings and attractive faces can elicit activation of the reward circuitry in our brain. Attractive faces break through continuous flash suppression more quickly than unattractive faces. Thus, it is possible that unconscious processing of beautiful paintings is different from that of less beautiful paintings. In two experiments, the present study adopted continuous flash suppression paradigm to investigate whether aesthetic ratings of western paintings influenced the time for stimuli to break suppression. We also compared the suppression effect of achromatic (Experiment 1) and chromatic (Experiment 2) noise pictures.

In Experiment 1, 20 participants (8 females, 12 males) took part in the experiment. The independent variable was aesthetic rating of western paintings (high, average, and low). The achromatic suppression noises were presented to the participants’ dominant eye and continued to flash at 10 Hz. A western painting was presented to the nondominant eye, at either above or below the central cross, with contrast increasing from 0 to 100% within 1s and remaining constant until response. Participants were instructed to respond as accurately and quickly as possible when any part of the painting was detected, and report whether the target was presented above or below the cross. 18 participants (9 females, 9 males) took part in Experiment 2. Experiment 2 was identical with Experiment 1 except that chromatic suppression noises were presented to the dominant eye.

The results of Experiment 1 showed that paintings with low aesthetic ratings took significantly longer time to break into awareness, comparing to paintings with average and high aesthetic ratings. The reaction times were not significantly different between paintings with average and high aesthetic ratings. In Experiment 2, however, the times for breaking suppression were not significantly different among the three categories of paintings. Moreover, the effect of suppression was different between different noises, such that reaction times were longer under suppression by chromatic noises (Experiment 2) than achromatic noises (Experiment 1).

These results suggested different unconscious processing of western paintings with different aesthetic ratings. Similar to attractive faces, paintings with high and average aesthetic ratings were easier to be detected under suppression. Our findings provided evidence that aesthetic processing can occur unconsciously under suppression by achromatic noises. The present study also suggested that the suppression effect of achromatic noises is different from that of chromatic noises. Chromatic noises may interfere with the color information of paintings and disrupt the aesthetic perception of paintings.

Keywords: aesthetic judgments ; binocular rivalry ; continuous flash suppression ; western paintings ; unconscious processing

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本文引用格式

尚俊辰, 刘智慧, 陈文锋, 傅小兰. 美感对西方绘画无意识加工的影响. 心理学报[J], 2018, 50(7): 693-702 doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2018.00693

SHANG Junchen, LIU Zhihui, CHEN Wenfeng, FU Xiaolan. Influence of aesthetics on unconscious processing of western paintings. Acta Psychologica Sinica[J], 2018, 50(7): 693-702 doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2018.00693

1 引言

审美是一个复杂的认知加工过程, 又是一种主观意识活动(丁晓君, 周昌乐, 2006)。审美加工包含感知、情感、记忆和评价等认知过程(王乃弋, 罗跃嘉, 董奇, 2010)。审美加工过程会激活感知觉、运动、情绪以及奖赏等脑区(丁晓君, 周昌乐, 2006; 黄子岚, 张卫东, 2012; Vartanian & Goel, 2004)。很多研究发现人们对不同美感的刺激的审美加工存在着相应的神经反应差异。例如, 人类在对图片进行审美时, 双侧脑岛(Cupchik, Vartanian, Crawley, & Mikulis, 2009)、前额叶皮质(Cela-Conde et al., 2004)、纹状体、海马旁回以及眶额皮层(Kawabata & Zeki, 2004; Yue, Vessel, & Biederman, 2007)对不同美感的图片的反应不同。除了图片, 审美研究的另一个重要对象是面孔吸引力(黄子岚, 张卫东, 2012)。在加工不同吸引力的面孔时, 眶额皮层、伏隔核等与奖赏体验紧密相联的脑区也有不同程度的激活(Aharon et al., 2001; Bray & O'Doherty, 2007; Hahn & Perrett, 2014; O'Doherty et al., 2003; Tsukiura & Cabeza, 2011; Winston, O’Doherty, Kilner, Perrett, & Dolan, 2007; 张小将, 刘迎杰, 刘昌, 2015)。Chatterjee和Vartanian (2016)认为, 对面孔和绘画作品的审美加工都激活与情绪和奖赏相关的脑区, 说明高吸引力的面孔和美丽的绘画作品都是奖赏刺激。

审美的第一阶段是对审美对象的感知(王乃弋等, 2010), 以往研究大多是基于有意识层面探讨审美加工, 刺激是在阈上呈现的(柴方圆, 喻丰, 彭凯平, 2016; 李苗利, 陈晶, 吴杨, 2015; Pearce et al., 2016; Somoon & Moorapun, 2016)。那么, 审美加工是否必然是基于有意识的感知?研究发现, 对面孔吸引力的知觉可以在无意识条件下进行。例如, Olson和Marshuetz (2005)采用前后掩蔽的阈下知觉范式研究仅呈现13 ms的面孔的吸引力知觉, 发现对高吸引力面孔的评分显著高于对低吸引力面孔的评分。Massar和Buunk (2010)采用外周视野阈下启动范式(Parafoveal priming procedure)发现不同吸引力的面孔在阈下呈现的条件下仍然产生明显的吸引力启动效应:高吸引力面孔使女性被试在对手竞争情境下产生了更强的妒忌情绪以及更多的伤心、焦虑、愤怒感。这说明即使面孔被阈下呈现, 人们也能形成对面孔的审美知觉。以上研究结果来自于具有特殊意义的刺激, 高吸引力面孔是奖赏刺激, 面孔吸引力的高低在进化中具有重要意义, 也是影响人类择偶的因素之一。其他刺激如美丽的绘画作品, 虽然不像面孔吸引力那样对于人类的繁衍有重要作用, 但也具有奖赏性。具有进化意义的刺激更容易引起无意识加工(Jiang, Costello, & He, 2007; Yang, Zald, & Blake, 2007), 那么, 不具备进化意义的奖赏刺激是否也能如高吸引力面孔一样在无意识下得到加工?本研究对此问题进行探索, 探讨在无意识条件下对西方绘画的审美加工。

在无意识加工的研究方面, 常用的是掩蔽范式(Masking)和连续闪烁抑制范式(CFS:Continuous Flash Suppression)。掩蔽范式依赖于较短的刺激呈现时间, 但人们对掩蔽范式下目标刺激的敏感度不一致(徐茜, 蒋毅, 2012)。相比之下, CFS对刺激的抑制时间更长, 可以通过比较目标刺激被抑制的时间来探讨刺激的无意识加工。CFS是眼间抑制范式(interocular suppression)的一种, 向观察者的优势眼连续、快速地闪现一系列不同的随机色块拼成的图像, 同时在非优势眼的相应位置呈现目标刺激, 观察者在一段时间内报告看不到目标刺激, 最长抑制时间可达三分钟(Tsuchiya & Koch, 2005; 徐茜, 蒋毅, 2012)。尽管被抑制在无意识状态下, 目标刺激的情绪信息和语义信息仍然能得到一定程度的加工(Fang & He, 2005; Yang, Brascamp, Kang, & Blake, 2014)。近年来, 有研究者提出突破CFS范式(b-CFS: breaking Continuous Flash Suppression, Jiang et al., 2007), 通过向被试的优势眼连续、迅速地闪现一系列噪音图片, 同时在非优势眼的相应位置呈现对比度逐渐增加的目标图片, 要求被试如果发现了目标图片的任何一部分就按键反应。不同的目标图片突破抑制的时间也不同, 具有进化意义的图片能够更快的突破抑制。例如, 带有威胁信息的恐惧面孔, 比快乐和中性面孔都更快地突破抑制进入意识(Yang et al., 2007)。人类天生有趋利避害的能力, 在无意识状态下能够加工威胁信息, 迅速的规避威胁; 而趋近奖赏对生存和繁衍也是有意义的。Hung, Nieh和Hsieh (2016)首次用b-CFS范式探讨了面孔审美的无意识加工, 发现高吸引力的面孔比低吸引力面孔的视觉阈限更低, 突破抑制的时间更短, 表明美丽的面孔在无意识条件下得到了优先加工。除了面孔, 线条完整和意义未破坏的简单线条图片也能更快的突破抑制(张秀玲, 董波, 姜云鹏, 张明, 2012)。

综上, 对审美加工的研究已经取得了许多的进展, 但是对审美认知的无意识过程仍然缺乏足够的理解。虽然Hung等人(2016)探讨了面孔的无意识审美加工, 但在Hung等人的研究中, 实验者仅对面孔的吸引力进行评价, 可能存在图片的情绪效价等无关变量的混淆。而且相对于极具进化意义的面孔刺激, 比较美丽的西方绘画虽然对人类繁衍没多大影响, 但具有奖赏性, 那么在无意识条件下美丽的西方绘画是否也有加工优势?我们推测, 无意识条件下对绘画作品进行审美加工也是可能的。本研究采用b-CFS范式, 考察人们是否能对西方绘画进行无意识的审美加工, 即美感是否影响西方绘画的无意识加工速度。本研究假设, 越美的西方绘画突破抑制的反应时越短。为了更好的控制无关变量, 本研究通过预实验筛选出在美感上存在差异, 但情绪效价和唤醒度都匹配的西方绘画作为目标图片。

CFS范式中, 噪音图的低水平特性(如对比度、空间频率等)会影响被抑制的目标刺激的知觉阈限(Yang & Blake, 2012), 空间频率比较低的噪音图对目标刺激的抑制较深。而且目标刺激和噪音刺激之间的颜色对比变化情况也会影响对目标刺激的加工。Hong和Blake (2009)对比了黑白噪音图片和彩色噪音图片的抑制效应, 被抑制的目标刺激是一个倾斜的彩色长方形, 要求被试分别判断目标刺激的颜色和朝向。结果发现, 采用彩色噪音图时, 判断颜色的正确率显著低于采用黑白噪音图时, 而两种噪音图对朝向判断的正确率影响差异不显著。Hong和Blake认为在CFS范式中, 彩色和黑白噪音图对视觉加工的影响不同。目前很多CFS的研究采用彩色噪音图片(Costello, Jiang, Baartman, McGlennen, & He, 2009; Jiang & He, 2006; Jiang et al., 2007; Stein, Hebart, & Sterzer, 2011; Tan & Yeh, 2015)。Yang和Blake (2012)也指出, 使用黑白噪音图片和彩色噪音图片分别去抑制黑白光栅图片, 两组的抑制效果并没有差异。目前, 黑白和彩色噪音图片对目标刺激的抑制效果是否相同, 仍然存在争议。然而, 颜色是艺术表现的重要元素之一, 对审美具有重要的影响。这说明在无意识审美加工过程中, 颜色的影响可能既体现了低水平特征的作用, 也包括高水平方面的影响。因此, 我们预期噪音图片的选择对绘画的无意识审美知觉产生重要影响。本研究将采用黑白(实验1)和彩色(实验2)噪音图片, 考察美感是否影响彩色西方绘画突破抑制的时间, 并对比西方绘画突破抑制的时间在黑白噪音图的抑制条件与彩色噪音图抑制条件下是否存在差异。

2 预实验

2.1 方法

2.1.1 被试

招募大连高校(以辽宁师范大学和大连交通大学为主)在校大学生32名(17名女生, 15名男生, 19~27岁, M = 21.53岁, SD = 1.93)参加本实验。所有被试身心健康, 视力或矫正视力正常, 无色盲或色弱, 此前均未参加过类似实验, 实验结束给予被试相应的报酬。1名被试因实验中程序报错, 没有数据; 1名被试因实验态度不认真, 数据被剔除, 剩余有效被试30名。

2.1.2 实验仪器与材料

实验程序采用E-prime 2.0软件编制和控制, 在联想台式电脑和19英寸LCD显示器呈现, 分辨率为1440 × 900, 亮度为12 cd/m2, 刷新频率为60 Hz。被试眼睛距离屏幕约60 cm。

从《世界经典美术鉴赏词典》(朱伯雄, 2001)中选取193幅彩色西方绘画, 使用Photoshop 8.01软件调整图片大小, 所有图片的高度均为6.4°, 宽度为3.6°~14°, 屏幕背景为灰色(RGB: 128, 128, 128)。采用SAM量表(Self-Assessment Manikin)对西方绘画的愉悦度和唤醒度进行评价(Bradley & Lang, 1994; Morris, 1995), 愉悦度和唤醒度均使用9点评定。

2.1.3 实验流程

实验开始前, 主试为被试进行详细讲解, 正式实验开始前, 安排相应的练习实验, 保证每个被试了解实验任务。正式实验包括两个任务:任务1是被试对西方绘画的愉悦度和唤醒度进行评价。首先屏幕上会同时出现一张西方绘画和SAM量表, 被试根据对图片的真实情绪体验, 使用鼠标点击相应的数字, 从愉悦度和唤醒度两个维度对西方绘画进行9点评分(图1图2); 任务2是对西方绘画进行美感的9点评分, 被试根据对图片的真实美感体验, 使用鼠标点击1~9数字, 1代表美感等级最低, 5代表美感中等, 9代表美感等级最高。任务的顺序在被试间平衡。

图1

图1   愉悦度评价

注:图1所示的评价界面和西方绘画同时呈现, 图片中的小人特点代表了不同程度的愉悦度, 下方的数字1代表最不愉快, 5代表中性, 9代表最愉快


图2

图2   唤醒度评价

注:图2所示的评价界面和西方绘画同时呈现, 图片中的小人特点代表了不同程度的唤醒度, 下面的数字1代表最不清醒、不兴奋、不紧张, 5代表中性, 既没有清醒或兴奋, 也没有不清醒或不兴奋的感觉, 9代表最清醒、最兴奋、最紧张.


2.2 结果

将30名被试的数据进行合并, 计算对每张图片的30个评价分数的均值, 分别求出每张图片的唤醒度、愉悦度和美感的平均分数, 然后按照美感的评定分数从低到高进行排序, 将图片分成三组, 分别为美感低、美感中、美感高三组。除此之外, 为了匹配这三组图片的愉悦度和唤醒度, 对图片继续进行筛选, 最终选定18张图片, 每组平均6张图片, 见表1。分别对3组西方绘画的唤醒度、愉悦度和美感进行单因素方差分析, 结果显示:图片的唤醒度不存在显著差异, F(2,15) = 1.63, p = 0.23; 图片的愉悦度也没有显著差异, F(2,15) = 1.51, p = 0.253; 图片的美感存在显著差异, F(2,15) = 23.08, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.755。多重比较(Bonferroni)结果显示:美感低和美感中等两组之间, 唤醒度没有显著差异(p > 0.05), 愉悦度没有显著差异(p > 0.05), 美感存在显著差异(p < 0.05); 美感低和美感高两组之间, 唤醒度没有显著差异(p > 0.05), 愉悦度没有显著差异(p > 0.05), 美感存在显著差异(p < 0.001); 美感中等和美感高两组之间, 唤醒度没有显著差异(p > 0.05), 愉悦度没有显著差异(p > 0.05), 美感存在显著差异(p < 0.05)。

表1   筛选的18张西方绘画的唤醒度、愉悦度和美感的评分均值和标准差

美感等级唤醒度愉悦度美感
MSDMSDMSD
美感低5.000.314.960.144.000.47
美感中等4.770.254.960.134.790.06
美感高5.030.265.070.115.460.44

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3 实验1:黑白噪音图条件下美感对西方绘画无意识加工的影响

3.1 方法

3.1.1 被试

招募中国科学院心理研究所周围高校在校大学生20名(8名女生, 12名男生, 18~26岁, M = 22.3岁, SD = 2.27)参加本实验。所有被试身心健康, 视力或矫正视力正常, 无色盲或色弱, 此前均未参加过类似实验, 实验结束给予被试相应的报酬。

3.1.2 实验设计

本实验采用单因素被试内设计, 自变量是西方绘画的美感等级(高、中等、低), 因变量是西方绘画突破抑制的反应时。

3.1.3 实验仪器与材料

实验程序采用E-prime 2.0软件编制和控制。实验仪器是联想Think Center M8200t台式机和飞利浦(Philips)109B6型号的17英寸CRT 显示器, 分辨率为1024×768, 亮度为9.55 cd/m2, 刷新频率为100 Hz。利用立体镜把电脑屏幕两侧图像分别反射到被试的左眼和右眼。

屏幕背景为灰色(RGB: 128, 128, 128), 中央注视点“+”为黑色(1.24° × 1.24°), 注视点周围呈现黑色方框(12.73° × 12.73°), 在实验过程中, 所有的刺激均呈现在黑色方框内。使用Anderson, Siegel, Bliss-Moreau,和Barrett (2011)调整对比度的方法, 用Photoshop 8.01软件中的匹配颜色工具将预实验选取的18张彩色西方绘画的对比度调成一致, 然后对三组图片的RMS Contrast值进行单因素方差分析, 结果显示:美感低(M = 57, SD = 9)、美感中等(M = 60, SD = 8)和美感高(M = 64, SD = 5)三组图片的对比度差异不显著, F(2,15) = 1.54, p = 0.246, 因此将这18张图片作为原始刺激图片。用Photoshop 8.01软件生成对比度分别是原始图片10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%的图片, 和原始图片一起作为目标刺激。采用灰色背景图作为对比度为0的图片。用Matlab 7.0软件生成黑白噪音图9张。

3.1.4 实验流程

优势眼的测定使用Dolman法(Anderson, Siegel, White, & Barrett, 2012)。

实验在暗室内进行, 被试端坐在屏幕前方, 眼睛距离屏幕约60 cm, 头放在下颚托上。实验程序改编自Yang和Yeh (2011)。被试需要完成阈下定位任务, 在正式实验开始前, 有10个练习试次。实验流程如图3所示, 每个试次开始时, 屏幕上呈现“按空格键继续”。按下空格键之后, 在被试的优势眼的注视点的上方和下方呈现相同的黑白噪音图(10.16°×4.75°), 以10 Hz的频率变化。同时在非优势眼, 在注视点的上下任意一边呈现对比度逐渐增加的西方绘画(3.23° ~ 7.53°× 4.37°), 西方绘画的对比度是在1 s内从0升至100%, 然后保持对比度不变, 直至被试做出反应。要求被试如果发现了美术作品的任何一部分就要快速并准确地按“z”键, 记录从每个试次开始到按下“z”键的时间为反应时。然后被试进行图片的位置判断, 如果认为图片位于注视点上方, 按“↑”键, 如果认为图片位于注视点下方, 按“↓”键。只统计位置判断任务正确试次的反应时。如果被试在6 s之内没有做出任何反应, 程序将自动结束并跳转到下一个试次。正式实验一共包括72个试次, 试次的呈现顺序采用伪随机方式, 按照一次随机生成的数列排序并固定下来, 每个被试都采用这个固定的试次顺序。

图3

图3   实验1和实验2的刺激和实验流程。在实验1中, 优势眼呈现黑白噪音图(第二列), 实验2中, 优势眼呈现彩色噪音图(第三列), 噪音图每100 ms切换1次。在非优势眼呈现对比度从0开始逐渐增加的目标图片, 随机呈现在注视点“+”上下两边的任意一边(第一列)。目标图片的对比度每100 ms提高10%, 在1 s内升高到100%, 然后保持不变。图中对比度最小的图片是10%对比度。直到被试按键或者6 s内没有按键, 刺激消失。彩图见电子版。


3.2 结果

剔除定位判断错误的反应时, 并剔除小于和大于整体平均反应时2.5个标准差外的反应时数据, 同时剔除每个美感等级平均反应时2.5个标准差外的反应时数据(占全体数据的7.23%)。然后计算每个被试在美感低、美感中等和美感高的三种条件下的平均反应时。

采用重复测量方差分析考察被试对不同美感等级的西方绘画的突破抑制反应时是否有差异。如图4、5所示, 结果发现:美感等级的主效应显著, F(2,38) = 3.94, p = 0.028, ηp2 = 0.172。t检验表明, 美感低的西方绘画反应时(M = 1367 ms, SD = 508 ms)显著长于美感中等(M = 1274 ms, SD = 428 ms)

(t(19) = 2.38, p = 0.028, Cohen’s d = 0.53)和美感高的西方绘画(M = 1266 ms, SD = 484 ms)的反应时(t(19) = 2.30, p = 0.033, Cohen’s d = 0.52)。美感中等和美感高两组西方绘画之间的反应时差异不显著, t(19) = 0.23, p = 0.819。

图4

图4   实验1:使用黑白噪音图片, 被试对低、中、高三组美感图片的突破抑制时间. * p < 0.05


3.3 讨论

实验1使用黑白噪音图片, 发现美感低的西方绘画突破抑制时间长于美感中等和美感高的西方画, 这与Hung等人(2016)发现具有高吸引力的面孔突破抑制的反应时比低吸引力面孔短的结果一致。但是美感高和美感中等的绘画突破抑制时间差异不显著, 可能是因为高美感的图片评分远没有达到特别美的程度(M = 5.46, SD = 0.44), 所以与中等美感的绘画反应时差异不显著。实验1的刺激图片是彩色的, 噪音图片是黑白的, 美感对图片突破抑制时间的影响可能依赖于对颜色的感知。Hong和Blake (2009)发现, 与黑白噪音图相比, 彩色噪音图对目标刺激的颜色信息抑制更强。为探究当颜色信息被抑制时, 美感能否依然影响西方绘画的突破抑制时间, 实验2将采用彩色噪音图片, 进一步探讨对不同美感等级的西方绘画的无意识加工。

图5

图5   实验1:使用黑白噪音图片, 每名被试对低、中等、高三组美感图片的突破抑制时间. * p < 0.05


4 实验2:彩色噪音图条件下美感对西方绘画无意识加工的影响

4.1 方法

4.1.1 被试

招募中国科学院心理研究所周围高校在校大学生18名(9名女生, 9名男生, 18~27岁, M = 22.94岁, SD = 2.48)参加本实验。所有被试身心健康, 视力或矫正视力正常, 无色盲或色弱, 此前均未参加过类似实验, 实验结束给予被试相应的报酬。一名被试因在实验中碰撞立体镜, 校正失败, 数据被剔除; 一名被试因正确率低于60%, 数据被剔除, 剩余有效被试16名。

4.1.2 实验设计

与实验1相同。

4.1.3 实验仪器与材料

将黑白噪音图片改为彩色噪音图片, 其他与实验1相同。

4.1.4 实验流程

与实验1相同, 如图3所示。

4.2 结果

对被试的正确反应时(美感高: M = 2637 ms, SD = 951 ms; 美感中等: M = 2688 ms, SD = 912 ms; 美感低: M = 2692 ms, SD = 977 ms)进行分析, 数据剔除规则同实验1, 剔除数据占全体数据的6.16%。

图6、7所示, 重复测量方差分析结果发现:美感等级的主效应不显著, F(2,30) = 0.22, p = 0.802, ηp2 = 0.015, 突破抑制的反应时没有随着美感等级的改变而存在差异。同实验1相比, 两个实验的结果存在不同的趋势:实验1使用黑白噪音图片, 反应时在不同美感等级之间存在差异, 即美感等级越高, 反应时越短; 实验2使用彩色噪音图片, 对于不同美感等级的图片, 反应时没有差异。

图6

图6   实验2:使用彩色噪音图片, 被试对低、中等、高三组美感图片的突破抑制时间.


图7

图7   实验2:使用彩色噪音图片, 每名被试对低、中等、高三组美感图片的突破抑制时间.


为了考察两组实验是否会因为噪音图片的颜色不同, 西方绘画的突破抑制反应时存在差异。采用3(被试内变量:美感:高、中等、低) × 2(被试间变量:实验:实验1, 实验2)方差分析结果显示, 实验1西方绘画的突破抑制时间(M = 1302 ms, SD = 463 ms)显著短于实验2(M = 2672 ms, SD = 923 ms), F(1,34) = 33.67, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.498。美感的主效应不显著, F(2,68) = 1.42, p = 0.249。美感和实验的交互作用不显著, F(2,68) = 0.45, p = 0.642。

4.3 讨论

在彩色噪音图片的抑制范式中, 对不同美感等级西方绘画的无意识加工不存在差异, 即美感并没有影响非优势眼的西方绘画突破抑制反应时。与实验1的结果不一致, 可见噪音图片的颜色不同对目标图片的无意识加工是存在一定影响的。

5 总讨论

本研究采用连续闪烁抑制范式, 发现使用黑白噪音图片时, 美感高和美感中等的西方绘画突破抑制的反应时短于美感低的西方绘画, 但美感高和美感中等的西方绘画的突破抑制反应时之间差异不显著。而使用彩色噪音图片时, 西方绘画美感等级的主效应不显著, 突破抑制的反应时没有差异。而且用彩色噪音图抑制情况下的西方绘画突破抑制反应时显著长于用黑白噪音图抑制情况, 表明噪音图片颜色的不同会影响抑制的效果, 即彩色噪音图片对西方绘画抑制的程度更深。

实验1采用黑白噪音图片, 发现西方绘画美感的差异导致了突破抑制反应时的差异。可见, 在无意识条件下, 被试对不同美感的图片的加工是不同的, 即无意识的审美加工是存在的。研究(Hung et al., 2016)发现, 高吸引力的面孔比低吸引力面孔突破抑制的时间短。在本实验中, 美感高和美感中等的图片突破抑制的时间都比美感低的图片短, 与Hung等人的研究一致。另外, 本实验在预实验筛选目标图片时, 排除了一些无关变量(愉悦度和唤醒度), 西方绘画仅在美感上存在差异, 在实验材料筛选方面优于Hung等人的研究。但是, 美感高和美感中等的图片突破抑制时间差异不显著, 可能是因为本研究中美感高的图片评分均值只有5.46 (9点量表评分), 还没有达到特别美的程度。

实验2采用彩色噪音图片, 结果显示西方绘画的美感等级的主效应不显著, 突破抑制时间不会随着其美感的变化而变化。表明被试在彩色噪音图抑制的无意识条件下对不同的西方绘画没有进行不同的审美加工。而且实验2的目标刺激的突破抑制时间显著长于实验1。可能有如下原因:首先, Hong和Blake (2009)发现, 与黑白噪音图相比, 彩色噪音图对目标刺激的颜色信息抑制更强, 对目标刺激的颜色判断的正确率显著降低。说明黑白噪音图片与彩色噪音图片相比, 更难抑制非优势眼的图片的颜色信息。实验1中, 目标图片的突破抑制速度显著快于实验2, 且美感等级的主效应显著, 可能被试在实验1中是依赖颜色来判断目标刺激是否出现。而在实验2中彩色噪音图更强的抑制了西方绘画的颜色信息, 颜色是西方绘画的重要组成部分, 也是审美加工所需的重要信息。抑制了颜色信息, 无意识条件下对美感的感知能力大幅降低, 因此实验2中美感主效应不显著。

其次, 冯成志和贾凤芹(2008)提出双眼竞争具有一致性耦合的特点, 当被试的左右眼分别呈现不同的图片时, 被试最终知觉到的不是两张图片之间的简单交替变化, 而是将两张图片先进行整合, 最终知觉到的是整合后的两张图片的交替变化。例如, Kovács, Papathomas, Yang和Fehér (1996)的研究发现, 当被试的两只眼睛分别呈现两张不同的图片(英文单词和猴子面孔相互融合后的图片)时, 由于双眼竞争的一致性耦合, 被试最终知觉到的是拼合后的“英文单词文本”和“猴子面孔”的两张图片的交替变化, 而不是实际呈现在两只眼睛的图片。由于实验2中的西方绘画和噪音图片均为彩色, 根据一致性耦合的特点, 被试可能会将西方绘画和彩色噪音图片之间相同颜色内容进行整合, 使得西方绘画的部分颜色内容融于噪音图片的背景中, 导致西方绘画本身的内容不完整, 图片的美感发生变化, 所以图片突破抑制反应时没有受到美感的影响。张秀玲等人(2012)也发现, 线条完整和意义未破坏的简单线条图片能更快的突破抑制。本研究使用彩色噪音图也可能破坏了西方绘画的意义和线条。颜色的不同会导致边界更加明显, 这些明显的边界会同样干扰原本绘画线条的完整性。

近年来审美的心理学原理及其神经机制越来越受到关注(丁晓君, 周昌乐, 2006; 黄子岚, 张卫东, 2012; 王乃弋等, 2010)。爱美之心人皆有之, 面孔吸引力属于审美的一方面, 在进化和繁衍的过程中, 人类更倾向于选择长相美丽的人作为配偶。美丽的图画虽然没有高吸引力面孔的进化意义重要, 但也会吸引更多的观赏者驻足。美丽的面孔在无意识条件下得到优先加工(Hung et al., 2016), 本研究扩展了无意识审美加工的研究范围, 进一步证明, 在无意识的条件下, 美丽的图片同样被优先加工。除此之外, 审美的神经机制的研究发现, 有意识的审美活动会激活眶额皮层(Kawabata & Zeki, 2004), 既然在无意识条件下依然存在对西方绘画的审美加工, 是否在对西方绘画的进行无意识审美加工时也会激活与奖赏有关的脑区?本研究仅局限于行为数据, 未来研究应结合ERP技术、fMRI技术和连续闪烁抑制范式, 探讨完全处于无意识(不可见)状态的绘画作品诱发的神经活动, 以澄清绘画作品美感的无意识加工机制。另外, 中国人对中国绘画比西方绘画更熟悉, 未来研究应探讨中国人对中国绘画的无意识审美加工是否与西方绘画相同。

最后, 虽然本研究筛选的图片在美感上存在显著差异, 唤醒度和愉悦度都进行了匹配, 但也存在一些不足之处。首先, 在预实验对西方绘画进行筛选时, 由于仅有18张图片符合要求, 所以在正式实验中每张图片重复呈现4次, 刺激图片的重复出现可能会导致被试对图片的熟悉度发生改变, 从而影响实验结果。其次, 为保持西方绘画的美感及内容的一致性, 所有的图片因原图比例的关系, 在正式实验中图片的大小差异可能会导致实验结果出现一定的差异。最后, 本研究中, 美感高(M = 5.46, SD = 0.44), 美感中等(M = 4.79, SD = 0.06), 美感低(M = 4.00, SD = 0.47)三类图片的美感差异还不够大, 可能导致美感高和美感中等的绘画突破抑制时间差异不显著, 未来研究应使用美感差异更大的图片, 来探讨是否突破抑制时间随美感升高而线性递减。

6 结论

(1) 无意识条件下, 美感信息可以得到加工。

(2) 无意识加工中颜色是美感形成的重要条件。

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Journal of Neurophysiology, 97( 4), 3036-3045.

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Abstract Attractive faces can be considered to be a form of visual reward. Previous imaging studies have reported activity in reward structures including orbitofrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens during presentation of attractive faces. Given that these stimuli appear to act as rewards, we set out to explore whether it was possible to establish conditioning in human subjects by pairing presentation of arbitrary affectively neutral stimuli with subsequent presentation of attractive and unattractive faces. Furthermore, we scanned human subjects with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while they underwent this conditioning procedure to determine whether a reward-prediction error signal is engaged during learning with attractive faces as is known to be the case for learning with other types of reward such as juice and money. Subjects showed changes in behavioral ratings to the conditioned stimuli (CS) when comparing post- to preconditioning evaluations, notably for those CSs paired with attractive female faces. We used a simple Rescorla-Wagner learning model to generate a reward-prediction error signal and entered this into a regression analysis with the fMRI data. We found significant prediction error-related activity in the ventral striatum during conditioning with attractive compared with unattractive faces. These findings suggest that an arbitrary stimulus can acquire conditioned value by being paired with pleasant visual stimuli just as with other types of reward such as money or juice. This learning process elicits a reward-prediction error signal in a main target structure of dopamine neurons: the ventral striatum. The findings we describe here may provide insights into the neural mechanisms tapped into by advertisers seeking to influence behavioral preferences by repeatedly exposing consumers to simple associations between products and rewarding visual stimuli such as pretty faces.

Chai F. Y., Yu F., & Peng K. P . ( 2016).

Insights into aesthetic pleasure and processing fluency

Psychological Exploration, 36( 2), 101-106.

[本文引用: 1]

[ 柴方圆, 喻丰, 彭凯平 . ( 2016).

审美愉悦与加工流畅性

心理学探新, 36( 2), 101-106.]

[本文引用: 1]

Chatterjee, A., &Vartanian O. , ( 2016).

Neuroscience of aesthetics

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1369, 172-194.

DOI:10.1111/nyas.13035      URL    

Cela-Conde C. J., Marty G., Maestú F., Ortiz T., Munar E., Fernández A., … Quesney F . ( 2004).

Activation of the prefrontal cortex in the human visual aesthetic perception

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101( 16), 6321-6325.

DOI:10.1073/pnas.0401427101      URL     [本文引用: 1]

Visual aesthetic perception ("aesthetics") or the capacity to visually perceive a particular attribute added to other features of objects, such as form, color, and movement, was fixed during human evolutionary lineage as a trait not shared with any great ape. Although prefrontal brain expansion is mentioned as responsible for the appearance of such human trait, no current knowledge exists on the role of prefrontal areas in the aesthetic perception. The visual brain consists of "several parallel multistage processing systems, each specialized in a given task such as, color or motion" [Bartels, A. & Zeki, S. (1999) Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. B 265, 2327-2332]. Here we report the results of an experiment carried out with magnetoencephalography which shows that the prefrontal area is selectively activated in humans during the preception of objects qualified as "beautiful" by the participants. Therefore, aesthetics can be hypothetically considered as an attribute perceived by means of a particular brain processing system, in which the prefrontal cortex seems to play a key role.

Costello P., Jiang Y., Baartman B., McGlennen K., & He S . ( 2009).

Semantic and subword priming during binocular suppression

Consciousness and Cognition, 18( 2), 375-382.

DOI:10.1016/j.concog.2009.02.003      URL     PMID:4521603      [本文引用: 1]

In general, stimuli that are familiar and recognizable have an advantage of predominance during binocular rivalry. Recent research has demonstrated that familiar and recognizable stimuli such as upright faces and words in a native language could break interocular suppression faster than their matched controls. In this study, a visible word prime was presented binocularly then replaced by a high-contrast dynamic noise pattern presented to one eye and either a semantically related or unrelated word was introduced to the other eye. We measured how long it took for target words to break from suppression. To investigate word-parts priming, a second experiment also included word pairs that had overlapping subword fragments. Results from both experiments consistently show that semantically related words and words that shared subword fragments were faster to gain dominance compared to unrelated words, suggesting that words, even when interocularly suppressed and invisible, can benefit from semantic and subword priming.

Cupchik G. C., Vartanian O., Crawley A., & Mikulis D. J . ( 2009).

Viewing artworks: Contributions of cognitive control and perceptual facilitation to aesthetic experience

Brain & Cognition, 70( 1), 84-91.

DOI:10.1016/j.bandc.2009.01.003      URL     PMID:19223099      [本文引用: 1]

When we view visual images in everyday life, our perception is oriented toward object identification. In contrast, when viewing visual images as artworks, we also tend to experience subjective reactions to their stylistic and structural properties. This experiment sought to determine how cognitive control and perceptual facilitation contribute to aesthetic perception along with the experience of emotion. Using functional MRI, we show that aesthetic perception activated bilateral insula which we attribute to the experience of emotion. Moreover, while adopting the aesthetic orientation activated the left lateral prefrontal cortex, paintings that facilitated visuospatial exploration activated the left superior parietal lobule. The results suggest that aesthetic experience is a function of the interaction between top-down orienting of attention and bottom-up perceptual facilitation.

Ding, X.J., & Zhou, C. L . ( 2006).

A neurological study on aesthetic process and its significance to aesthetics

Psychological Science, 29( 5), 1247-1249.

[本文引用: 3]

[ 丁晓君, 周昌乐 . ( 2006).

审美的神经机制研究及其美学意义

心理科学, 29( 5), 1247-1249.]

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1671-6981.2006.05.056      URL     [本文引用: 3]

本文主要介绍了审美神经机制研究的初步成果,特别有关Zeki,Solso等人开创性的研究工作,并着重讨论了这些研究工作的美学意义,指出审美神经机制的研究不但在美学理论的确证方面,具有更强的说服力和广泛的应用性,而且在21世纪美学理论的重建方面,也一定会起着不可替代的重要作用。

Fang ,F., &He S. , ( 2005).

Cortical responses to invisible objects in the human dorsal and ventral pathways

Nature Neuroscience, 8, 1380-1385.

DOI:10.1038/nn1537      URL     PMID:16136038      [本文引用: 1]

The primate visual system is believed to comprise two main pathways: a ventral pathway for conscious perception and a dorsal pathway that can process visual information and guide action without accompanying conscious knowledge. Evidence for this theory has come primarily from studies of neurological patients and animals. Using fMRI, we show here that even though observers are completely unaware of test object images owing to interocular suppression, their dorsal cortical areas demonstrate substantial activity for different types of visual objects, with stronger responses to images of tools than of human faces. This result also suggests that in binocular rivalry, substantial information in the suppressed eye can escape the interocular suppression and reach dorsal cortex.

Feng , C.Z., & Jia ,F.Q . ( 2008).

Review on binocular rivalry

Advances in Psychological Science, 16( 2), 213-221.

[本文引用: 1]

[ 冯成志, 贾凤芹 . ( 2008).

双眼竞争研究现状与展望

心理科学进展, 16( 2), 213-221.]

URL     [本文引用: 1]

双眼竞争是指当双眼所呈现的图像不一致而无法形成单一、稳定的知觉进而造成知觉动态交替变化的现象,其研究已有近200年的历史,至今仍是神经科学、心理学、生理学和临床医学中的研究热点。该文阐述了双眼竞争的概念、常用测量指标;总结了双眼竞争的特点及对双眼竞争的影响因素;讨论了双眼竞争与其他形式的多稳态知觉间的关系。行为实验、脑成像和电生理实验分别揭示了双眼竞争的早期加工模型和晚期加工模型的不足之处,Tong等人综合各方面的实验结果提出了双眼竞争的多层次-混合加工理论模型,这一模型将早期加工和晚期加工模型有机地结合起来,对于研究视觉意识的神经机制具有重要的理论指导意义。在总结已有研究的基础上,该文明确指出了双眼竞争的可应用领域及未来的研究方向。

Hong , S.W., &Blake R. , ( 2009).

Interocular suppression differentially affects achromatic and chromatic mechanisms

Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 71( 2), 403-411.

DOI:10.3758/APP.71.2.403      URL     PMID:2734383      [本文引用: 3]

Abstract Results from a series of psychophysical experiments show that interocular suppression produced by continuous flash suppression (CFS) differentially affects visual features of a target viewed by the other eye. When CFS stimuli are defined by luminance contrast, target color can be reliably identified but percent-correct discrimination of target orientation is near chance. When the colored target is moving, color identification deteriorates with motion speed but direction of motion discrimination improves with target speed. Color's immunity to suppression is also weakened when interocular suppression is induced by equiluminant CFS stimuli that presumably stimulate the chromatic pathway. These results are discussed in terms of functional segregation of achromatic and chromatic processing in the visual system.

Huang,Z. L., &Zhang W.D, . ( 2012).

Neuroaesthetics: Exploring aesthetics and the brain

Advances in Psychological Science, 20( 5), 672-681.

[本文引用: 3]

[ 黄子岚, 张卫东 . ( 2012).

神经美学: 探索审美与大脑的关系

心理科学进展, 20( 5), 672-681.]

DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1042.2012.00672      URL     [本文引用: 3]

神经美学采用神经科学的技术手段来探索审美的神经机制.本文从审美认知加工过程的角度来探讨审美的心理学原理及其神经机制.回顾了近年来神经美学取得的主要成果,研究发现与审美加工相关的脑区主要涉及感知觉、运动、情绪以及奖赏等机能系统.神经美学的三个重要研究主题是真与美、离身认知与具身认知以及认知与情绪.未来研究应从时间维度来探讨审美体验的动态性,从跨艺术形式以及跨文化的视角来探讨审美神经机制的普遍性.

Hahn, A. C., &Perrett D.I, . ( 2014).

Neural and behavioral responses to attractiveness in adult and infant faces

Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 46, 591-603.

DOI:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.08.015      URL     PMID:25199981      [本文引用: 1]

Facial attractiveness provides a very powerful motivation for sexual and parental behavior. We therefore review the importance of faces to the study of neurobiological control of human reproductive motivations. For heterosexual individuals there is a common brain circuit involving the nucleus accumbens, the medial prefrontal, dorsal anterior cingulate and the orbitofrontal cortices that is activated more by attractive than unattractive faces, particularly for faces of the opposite sex. Behavioral studies indicate parallel effects of attractiveness on incentive salience or willingness to work to see faces. There is some evidence that the reward value of opposite sex attractiveness is more pronounced in men than women, perhaps reflecting the greater importance assigned to physical attractiveness by men when evaluating a potential mate. Sex differences and similarities in response to facial attractiveness are reviewed. Studies comparing heterosexual and homosexual observers indicate the orbitofrontal cortex and mediodorsal thalamus are more activated by faces of the desired sex than faces of the less-preferred sex, independent of observer gender or sexual orientation. Infant faces activate brain regions that partially overlap with those responsive to adult faces. Infant faces provide a powerful stimulus, which also elicits sex differences in behavior and brain responses that appear dependent on sex hormones. There are many facial dimensions affecting perceptions of attractiveness that remain unexplored in neuroimaging, and we conclude by suggesting that future studies combining parametric manipulation of face images, brain imaging, hormone assays and genetic polymorphisms in receptor sensitivity are needed to understand the neural and hormonal mechanisms underlying reproductive drives.

Hung S. M., Nieh C. H., & Hsieh P. J . ( 2016).

Unconscious processing of facial attractiveness: Invisible attractive faces orient visual attention

Scientific Reports, 6, 37117.

DOI:10.1038/srep37117      URL     PMID:27848992      [本文引用: 5]

Abstract Past research has proven human's extraordinary ability to extract information from a face in the blink of an eye, including its emotion, gaze direction, and attractiveness. However, it remains elusive whether facial attractiveness can be processed and influences our behaviors in the complete absence of conscious awareness. Here we demonstrate unconscious processing of facial attractiveness with three distinct approaches. In Experiment 1, the time taken for faces to break interocular suppression was measured. The results showed that attractive faces enjoyed the privilege of breaking suppression and reaching consciousness earlier. In Experiment 2, we further showed that attractive faces had lower visibility thresholds, again suggesting that facial attractiveness could be processed more easily to reach consciousness. Crucially, in Experiment 3, a significant decrease of accuracy on an orientation discrimination task subsequent to an invisible attractive face showed that attractive faces, albeit suppressed and invisible, still exerted an effect by orienting attention. Taken together, for the first time, we show that facial attractiveness can be processed in the complete absence of consciousness, and an unconscious attractive face is still capable of directing our attention.

Jiang Y., Costello P., & He S . ( 2007).

Processing of invisible stimuli: Advantage of upright faces and recognizable words in overcoming interocular suppression

Psychological Science, 18( 4), 349-355.

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01902.x      URL     PMID:17470261      [本文引用: 3]

Abstract Familiar and recognizable stimuli enjoy an advantage of predominance during binocular rivalry, and this advantage is usually attributed to their enhanced processing during the dominant phase. However, do familiar and recognizable stimuli have an advantage in breaking suppression? Test images were gradually introduced to one eye to compete against a standard high-contrast dynamic noise pattern presented to the other eye. Results showed that an upright face took less time than an upside-down face to gain dominance against the identical suppression noise. Results also showed that for Chinese readers, Chinese characters were faster to gain dominance than Hebrew words, whereas for Hebrew readers, the reverse was true. These results suggest that familiar and recognizable information, even when suppressed and invisible, is processed differently from unfamiliar information. Apparently, high-level information about visual form does contribute to the strength of a stimulus during its suppressed phase.

Jiang,Y., &He S. , ( 2006).

Cortical responses to invisible faces: Dissociating subsystems for facial-information processing

Current Biology, 16( 20), 2023-2029.

DOI:10.1016/j.cub.2006.08.084      URL     PMID:17055981      [本文引用: 1]

Perceiving faces is critical for social interaction. Evidence suggests that different neural pathways may be responsible for processing face identity and expression information. By using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we measured brain responses when observers viewed neutral, fearful, and scrambled faces, either visible or rendered invisible through interocular suppression. The right fusiform face area (FFA), the right superior temporal sulcus (STS), and the amygdala responded strongly to visible faces. However, when face images became invisible, activity in FFA to both neutral and fearful faces was much reduced, although still measurable; activity in the STS was robust only to invisible fearful faces but not to neutral faces. Activity in the amygdala was equally strong in both the visible and invisible conditions to fearful faces but much weaker in the invisible condition for the neutral faces. In the invisible condition, amygdala activity was highly correlated with that of the STS but not with FFA. The results in the invisible condition support the existence of dissociable neural systems specialized for processing facial identity and expression information. When images are invisible, cortical responses may reflect primarily feed-forward visual-information processing and thus allow us to reveal the distinct functions of FFA and STS.

Kawabata, H., &Zeki S. , ( 2004).

Neural correlates of beauty

Journal of Neurophysiology, 91( 4), 1699-1705.

DOI:10.1152/jn.00696.2003      URL     [本文引用: 2]

Kovács I., Papathomas T. V., Yang M., & Fehér A . ( 1996).

When the brain changes its mind: Interocular grouping during binocular rivalry

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 93( 26), 15508-15511.

DOI:10.1073/pnas.93.26.15508      URL     PMID:8986842      [本文引用: 1]

Abstract The prevalent view of binocular rivalry holds that it is a competition between the two eyes mediated by reciprocal inhibition among monocular neurons. This view is largely due to the nature of conventional rivalry-inducing stimuli, which are pairs of dissimilar images with coherent patterns within each eye's image. Is it the eye of origin or the coherency of patterns that determines perceptual alternations between coherent percepts in binocular rivalry? We break the coherency of conventional stimuli and replace them by complementary patchworks of intermingled rivalrous images. Can the brain unscramble the pieces of the patchwork arriving from different eyes to obtain coherent percepts? We find that pattern coherency in itself can drive perceptual alternations, and the patchworks are reassembled into coherent forms by most observers. This result is in agreement with recent neurophysiological and psychophysical evidence demonstrating that there is more to binocular rivalry than mere eye competition.

Li M. L., Chen J., & Wu Y . ( 2015).

The research of aesthetic cognitive difference in Chinese and Western paintings between art and ordinary undergraduates

Journal of Psychological Science, 38( 2), 366-372.

[本文引用: 1]

[ 李苗利, 陈晶, 吴杨 . ( 2015).

美术专业与普通专业学生对中西方绘画作品的审美认知差异

心理科学, 38( 2), 366-372.]

URL     [本文引用: 1]

本研究采用不同艺术类别及情绪效价的绘画作品图片,考察美术专业与普通专业大学生对中西方绘画作品的审美认知差异。结果发现:两类学生对西方画的审美认知差异极其显著,且美术专业学生对西方画产生的美感显著强于普通学生;而两类学生对中国画的审美认知差异不显著;对于不同风格的画作,两类学生都存在审美偏好,都是对中国画产生的美感更为强烈;两类学生的审美认知反应时间差异极其显著,专业学生总体上要比普通学生进行更多更复杂的认知加工活动。研究表明,审美认知具有较强的可塑性,对于美育心理学的发展具有重要价值。

Morris,J. D . ( 1995). Observations: SAM: The self-assessment manikin. An efficient cross-cultural measurement of emotional response. Journal of Advertising Research, 35, 63-68.

[本文引用: 1]

Massar , K., &Buunk, A.P . ( 2010).

Judging a book by its cover: Jealousy after subliminal priming with attractive and unattractive faces

Personality and Individual Differences, 49, 634-638.

DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2010.05.037      URL     [本文引用: 1]

The present paper focuses on the effect a rival facial attractiveness has on female jealousy. A parafoveal subliminal priming paradigm was employed to expose participants to rivals outside their conscious awareness. Female participants were exposed to either an attractive woman or an unattractive woman for 60 ms. They subsequently read a jealousy-evoking scenario which introduced a rival, but a description of her appearance was withheld. Our results suggest that participants have unconsciously linked the subliminally presented photograph to the rival. Women exposed to the attractive woman reported significantly more jealousy than women exposed to the unattractive rival. Moreover, they reported feeling significantly more worried, hurt, angry, and sad.

O'Doherty J., Winston J., Critchley H., Perrett D., Burt D. M., & Dolan R. J . ( 2003).

Beauty in a smile: The role of medial orbitofrontal cortex in facial attractiveness

Neuropsychologia, 41( 2), 147-155.

DOI:10.1016/S0028-3932(02)00145-8      URL     PMID:12459213      [本文引用: 1]

The attractiveness of a face is a highly salient social signal, influencing mate choice and other social judgements. In this study, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate brain regions that respond to attractive faces which manifested either a neutral or mildly happy face expression. Attractive faces produced activation of medial orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), a region involved in representing stimulus-reward value. Responses in this region were further enhanced by a smiling facial expression, suggesting that the reward value of an attractive face as indexed by medial OFC activity is modulated by a perceiver directed smile.

Olson, I. R., &Marshuetz C. , ( 2005).

Facial attractiveness is appraised in a glance

Emotion, 5( 4), 498-502.

DOI:10.1037/1528-3542.5.4.498      URL     PMID:16366753      [本文引用: 1]

Abstract Those who are physically attractive reap many benefits--from higher average wages to a wider variety of mate choices. Recent studies have investigated what constitutes beauty and how beauty affects explicit social judgments, but little is known about the perceptual or cognitive processing that is affected by aesthetic judgments of faces and why beauty affects our behavior. In this study, the authors show that beauty is perceived when information is minimized by masking or rapid presentation. Perceiving and processing beauty appear to require little attention and to bias subsequent cognitive processes. These facts may make beauty difficult to ignore, possibly leading to its importance in social evaluations. Copyright (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved.

Pearce M. T., Zaidel D. W., Vartanian O., Skov M., Leder H., Chatterjee A., & Nadal M . ( 2016).

Neuroaesthetics: The cognitive neuroscience of aesthetic experience

Perspectives on Psychological Science, 11( 2), 265-279.

DOI:10.1177/1745691615621274      URL     [本文引用: 1]

Somoon, K., & Moorapun, C. , ( 2016).

The roles of aesthetic and cultural perception affected by window display of Thai crafts products to increase purchasing intention

Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 234, 55-63.

DOI:10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.10.219      URL     [本文引用: 1]

Window display of retail shops plays a significant role in attracting customers to visit and even to purchase products from the store. Therefore, the study aims to examine what kinds of perception influenced by a window display of Thai craft products and, in turns, affect purchasing intention. To investigate this relationship, 150 tourists around the world were recruited by using voluntarily online-survey. A set of perception was applied by using multiple regressions to examine the relationship between the perception and purchasing intention. The results found that only aesthetic and Thai unique culture are two significant factors that influence purchasing intention.

Stein T., Hebart M. N., & Sterzer P . ( 2011).

Breaking continuous flash suppression: A new measure of unconscious processing during interocular suppression?

Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 5, 167.

DOI:10.3389/fnhum.2011.00167      URL     PMID:3243089      [本文引用: 1]

Until recently, it has been thought that under interocular suppression high-level visual processing is strongly inhibited if not abolished. With the development of continuous flash suppression (CFS), a variant of binocular rivalry, this notion has now been challenged by a number of reports showing that even high-level aspects of visual stimuli, such as familiarity, affect the time stimuli need to overcome CFS and emerge into awareness. In this reaking continuous flash suppression (b-CFS) paradigm, differential unconscious processing during suppression is inferred when (a) speeded detection responses to initially invisible stimuli differ, and (b) no comparable differences are found in non-rivalrous control conditions supposed to measure non-specific threshold differences between stimuli. The aim of the present study was to critically evaluate these assumptions. In six experiments we compared the detection of upright and inverted faces. We found that not only under CFS, but also in control conditions upright faces were detected faster and more accurately than inverted faces, although the effect was larger during CFS. However, reaction time (RT) distributions indicated critical differences between the CFS and the control condition. When RT distributions were matched, similar effect sizes were obtained in both conditions. Moreover, subjective ratings revealed that CFS and control conditions are not perceptually comparable. These findings cast doubt on the usefulness of non-rivalrous control conditions to rule out non-specific threshold differences as a cause of shorter detection latencies during CFS. Thus, at least in its present form, the b-CFS paradigm cannot provide unequivocal evidence for unconscious processing under interocular suppression. Nevertheless, our findings also demonstrate that the b-CFS paradigm can be fruitfully applied as a highly sensitive device to probe differences between stimuli in their potency to gain access to awareness.

Tan, J.S ., &Yeh S.L, . ( 2015).

Audiovisual integration facilitates unconscious visual scene processing

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 41( 5), 1325-1335.

DOI:10.1037/xhp0000074      URL     PMID:26076179      [本文引用: 1]

Meanings of masked complex scenes can be extracted without awareness; however, it remains unknown whether audiovisual integration occurs with an invisible complex visual scene. The authors examine whether a scenery soundtrack can facilitate unconscious processing of a subliminal visual scene. The continuous flash suppression paradigm was used to render a complex scene picture invisible, and the picture was paired with a semantically congruent or incongruent scenery soundtrack. Participants were asked to respond as quickly as possible if they detected any part of the scene. Release-from-suppression time was used as an index of unconscious processing of the complex scene, which was shorter in the audiovisual congruent condition than in the incongruent condition (Experiment 1). The possibility that participants adopted different detection criteria for the 2 conditions was excluded (Experiment 2). The audiovisual congruency effect did not occur for objects-only (Experiment 3) and background-only (Experiment 4) pictures, and it did not result from consciously mediated conceptual priming (Experiment 5). The congruency effect was replicated when catch trials without scene pictures were added to exclude participants with high false-alarm rates (Experiment 6). This is the first study demonstrating unconscious audiovisual integration with subliminal scene pictures, and it suggests expansions of scene-perception theories to include unconscious audiovisual integration. (PsycINFO Database Record

Tsuchiya, N., &Koch C ., ( 2005).

Continuous flash suppression reduces negative afterimages

Nature Neuroscience, 8, 1096-1101.

DOI:10.1038/nn1500      URL     [本文引用: 1]

Tsukiura, T., &Cabeza R ., ( 2011).

Remembering beauty: Roles of orbitofrontal and hippocampal regions in successful memory encoding of attractive faces

NeuroImage, 54( 1), 653-660.

DOI:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.07.046      URL     PMID:20659568      [本文引用: 1]

Behavioral data have shown that attractive faces are better remembered but the neural mechanisms of this effect are largely unknown. To investigate this issue, female participants were scanned with event-related functional MRI (fMRI) while rating the attractiveness of male faces. Memory for the faces was tested after fMRI scanning and was used to identify successful encoding activity (subsequent memory paradigm). As expected, attractive faces were remembered better than other faces. The study yielded three main fMRI findings. First, activity in the right orbitofrontal cortex increased linearly as a function of attractiveness ratings. Second, activity in the left hippocampus increased as a function of subsequent memory (subsequent misses

Vartanian, O., &Goel V , . ( 2004).

Emotion pathways in the brain mediate aesthetic preference

Bulletin of Psychology and the Arts, 5( 1), 37-42.

[本文引用: 1]

Wang N. Y., Luo Y. J., & Dong Q . ( 2010).

Neural correlates of aesthetics

Advances in Psychological Science, 18( 1), 19-27.

[本文引用: 3]

[ 王乃弋, 罗跃嘉, 董奇 . ( 2010).

审美的神经机制

心理科学进展, 18( 1), 19-27.]

[本文引用: 3]

Winston J. S., O’Doherty J., Kilner J. M., Perrett D. I., & Dolan R. J . ( 2007).

Brain systems for assessing facial attractiveness

Neuropsychologia, 45, 195-206.

DOI:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.05.009      URL     [本文引用: 1]

Xu, Q., &Jiang Y ., ( 2012).

Unconscious processing of emotional faces and its probable neural Mechanism

Science Bulletin, 57( 35), 3358-3366.

[本文引用: 2]

[ 徐茜, 蒋毅 . ( 2012).

无意识的情绪面孔加工及其潜在神经机制

科学通报, 57( 35), 3358-3366.]

[本文引用: 2]

Yang, E., & BlakeR ., ( 2012).

Deconstructing continuous flash suppression

. Journal of Vision, 12( 3), 8.

[本文引用: 2]

Yang E., Brascamp J., Kang M. S., & Blake R . ( 2014).

On the use of continuous flash suppression for the study of visual processing outside of awareness

Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 724.

DOI:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00724      URL     PMID:4093749      [本文引用: 1]

The interocular suppression technique termed continuous flash suppression (CFS) has become an immensely popular tool for investigating visual processing outside of awareness. The emerging picture from studies using CFS is that extensive processing of a visual stimulus, including its semantic and affective content, occurs despite suppression from awareness of that stimulus by CFS. However, the current implementation of CFS in many studies examining processing outside of awareness has several drawbacks that may be improved upon for future studies using CFS. In this paper, we address some of those shortcomings, particularly ones that affect the assessment of unawareness during CFS, and ones to do with the use of ‘visible’ conditions that are often included as a comparison to a CFS condition. We also discuss potential biases in stimulus processing as a result of spatial attention and feature-selective suppression. We suggest practical guidelines that minimize the effects of those limitations in using CFS to study visual processing outside of awareness.

Yang ,Y.H., &Yeh S.L, . ( 2011).

Accessing the meaning of invisible words

Consciousness and Cognition, 20, 223-233.

DOI:10.1016/j.concog.2010.07.005      URL     PMID:20709576      [本文引用: 1]

Previous research has shown implicit semantic processing of faces or pictures, but whether symbolic carriers such as words can be processed this way remains controversial. Here we examine this issue by adopting the continuous flash suppression paradigm to ensure that the processing undergone is indeed unconscious without the involvement of partial awareness. Negative or neutral words projected into one eye were made invisible due to strong suppression induced by dynamic-noise patterns shown in the other eye through binocular rivalry. Inverted and scrambled words were used as controls to provide baselines at orthographic and feature levels, respectively. Compared to neutral words, emotion-described and emotion-induced negative words required longer time to release from suppression, but only for upright words. These results suggest that words can be processed unconsciously up to semantic level since under interocular suppression completely invisible words can lead to different processing speed due to the emotion information they carry.

Yang E., Zald D. H., & Blake R . ( 2007).

Fearful expressions gain preferential access to awareness during continuous flash suppression

Emotion, 7( 4), 882-886.

DOI:10.1037/1528-3542.7.4.882      URL     PMID:4038625      [本文引用: 2]

Rapid evaluation of ecologically relevant stimuli may lead to their preferential access to awareness. Continuous flash suppression allows assessment of affective processing under conditions in which stimuli have been rendered invisible due to the strongly suppressive nature of dynamic noise relative to static images. The authors investigated whether fearful expressions emerge from suppression into awareness more quickly than images of neutral or happy expressions. Fearful faces were consistently detected faster than neutral or happy faces. Responses to inverted faces were slower than those to upright faces but showed the same effect of emotional expression, suggesting that some key feature or features in the inverted faces remained salient. When using stimuli solely representing the eyes, a similar bias for detecting fear emerged, implicating the importance of information from the eyes in the preconscious processing of fear expressions.

Yue X., Vessel E. A., & Biederman I . ( 2007).

The neural basis of scene preferences

NeuroReport, 18 6), 525-529.

DOI:10.1097/WNR.0b013e328091c1f9      URL     [本文引用: 1]

Zhang X. J., Liu Y. J., & Liu C . ( 2015).

The neural substrate underlying the aesthetic processing of facial beauty and individual differences

Journal of Psychological Science, 38( 3), 574-579.

[本文引用: 1]

[ 张小将, 刘迎杰, 刘昌 . ( 2015).

面孔审美加工的神经机制及个体差异

心理科学, 38( 3), 574-579.]

[本文引用: 1]

Zhang X. L., Dong B., Jiang Y. P., & Zhang M . ( 2012).

The gestalt in unconscious processing: Evidence for the unconscious binding hypothesis

Acta Psychologica Sinica, 44( 12), 1563-1570.

[本文引用: 2]

[ 张秀玲, 董波, 姜云鹏, 张明 . ( 2012).

无意识信息加工中的“完型”——无意识捆绑假说的新证据

心理学报, 44( 12), 1563-1570.]

[本文引用: 2]

Zhu B. X. ( 2001).

The world dictionary of classical art appreciation

Beijing , China:China Youth Press.

[本文引用: 1]

[ 朱伯雄 . ( 2001).

世界经典美术鉴赏辞典

北京: 中国青年出版社.]

[本文引用: 1]

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