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ISSN 0439-755X
CN 11-1911/B
主办:中国心理学会
   中国科学院心理研究所
出版:科学出版社

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    Danling Peng
    2000, 32 (增刊):  1-2. 
    Abstract ( 63 )   PDF (465KB) ( 33 )  
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    Recognition of Chinese character (Japanese Kanji) and Word
    THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CHARACTER AND RADICAL REPRESENTATION IN CHINESE
    Marcus Taft, Xiaoping Zhu, Guosheng Ding
    2000, 32 (增刊):  3-12. 
    Abstract ( 148 )   PDF (543KB) ( 418 )  
    Many radicals found in complex Chinese characters are themselves characters in their own right (e.g., the 月 of 肥 and 明 ). The question addressed in the reported research is the relationship between the lexical representation of the radical version of a character and that of its character version. Is the radical representation activated via the character representation, or does the reverse occur? Perhaps the representations are entirely independent. This issue was examined using a character decision task where radical frequency was manipulated. Frequency was based either on the number of times the radical occurs purely as a radical or on its token frequency as a character. The results indicated that all measures of radical frequency had an influence on the recognition of complex characters that contained that radical. In addition, it was shown that responses to simple characters were influenced by their occurrence as a radical in complex characters. These results were taken as support for the idea that activation of the representation of the character version of a radical precedes that of the radical representation. This was further supported by the finding that non-existent characters that can be used as radicals were hard to classify as non-characters.
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    FUNCTIONAL ORTHOGRAPHIC UNITS IN CHINESE CHARACTER RECOGNITION
    Sau-chin Chen, In-mao Liu
    2000, 32 (增刊):  13-20. 
    Abstract ( 118 )   PDF (700KB) ( 84 )  
    This study investigates the question of what are the functional orthographic units in Chinese character recognition. Experiments 1 and 2 replicated Chen, Allport, and Marshall's study, except that the “same-different” task involved not only high frequency characters but also low frequency characters and that the structure of “different” pairs was manipulated. The effect of number of stroke patterns was observed only for “same” judgments involving high frequency characters. Experiment 3 used the lexical decision task, which did not involve comparative judgments. Although the effect of number of stroke patterns was completely absent, the effect of number of strokes tended to appear. It is concluded that the stroke pattern is not the functional orthographic unit in Chinese character recognition. The stroke pattern plays the role of the functional orthographic unit only for familiar characters under a specific task demand.
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    THE REPRESENTATION OF RADICALS THAT CAN BE USED AS CHARACTERS
    Guosheng Ding, Marcus Taft, Xiaoping Zhu
    2000, 32 (增刊):  21-26. 
    Abstract ( 143 )   PDF (406KB) ( 190 )  
    Sometimes the radicals of a Chinese compound character happen to coincide with the characters of a two-character word (e.g., 好 and 女子). The latency and error rate to recognise this kind of characters and words were examined in the current research. It was found that recognition times to the compound characters were significantly facilitated by their relationship to the two-character word, whereas the reverse was not true. Such an asymmetric result was used to draw conclusions about the nature of the representation of radicals and characters in the Chinese mental lexicon. In particular, it was concluded that radicals are represented by units that are activated via the combined activity of a position-free "simple character" representation and the appropriate positional information.
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    PHONOLOGICAL ACTIVATION AND REPRESENTATION OF CHINESE CHARACTERS: II. THE PHONOLOGY OF PHONOGRAMS AND THEIR NEIGHBORS
    Hui Yang, Dan-ling Peng
    2000, 32 (增刊):  27-33. 
    Abstract ( 124 )   PDF (478KB) ( 25 )  
    Two experiments were conducted to probe the following issues: (1). Is the phonological processing in Chinese character identification a multi-level (phonograms and their neighbors) processing? (2). Whether the multi-level phonological processing is general in both high and low frequency character identification; (3). How is the interaction of phonological activation of phonogram and their neighbors?Using homophones as primes and naming as task, at 3 kinds of SOA (56ms, 84ms 140ms), we varied the friend value in Experiment 1 while the enemy value in Experiment 2. The experimental results showed that, at the early stage of character identification, both high and low frequency primes showed priming effect, but low frequency phonograms took a longer time to access their phonology. The high frequency primes showed significant priming effect on target identification at 56ms SOA, while the low frequency primes showed significant effect at 84ms SOA condition. The results also illustrated that the phonological activation of neighbors became available at 84ms SOA, and it had significant effect on the priming effect of primes with low frequency. The high value of friend neighbors boosted while the high value of enemy neighbors reduced the facilitary effect on target identification. The interaction between phonograms and their neighbors was determined by their related frequency, and we assumed that the interaction was run by the principles of “whole characters dominating” and “high frequency dominating”.
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    THE COMPARISON OF RELATIVE EFFECTS OF SEMANTIC, HOMOPHONIC AND GRAPHIC PRIMING ON CHINESE CHARACTER RECOGNITION AND NAMING
    Jei-Tun Wu, Tai-Li Chou
    2000, 32 (增刊):  34-41. 
    Abstract ( 115 )   PDF (593KB) ( 177 )  
    The present study evaluated the effects of homophonic, semantically-related, and graphically-similar primes on character recognition and naming by adopting a within-trials priming procedure and manipulating the character frequency and stimulus onset asynchrony. The experimental results showed that both homophonic and semantically-related primes did not have any priming effect on the processing of high-frequency characters either in recognition or naming task. A facilitation effect of semantic priming was repeatedly observed both in recognition and naming tasks when the target character was of low frequency, while the facilitation effect of homophonic primes was only found in the naming task. An inhibitory effect of graphically-similar primes was also discovered for both tasks. The results confirmed the findings in our previous work [1]. No reliable homophonic priming facilitation effect was obtained in the lexical decision task although character frequency effect and semantic priming effect on the low-frequency character were both vivid. The facilitation effect of homophonic priming can never be greater than that of semantic primes. Our results contradicted the conclusions formed by Perfetti and his colleagues.
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    THE POLYPHONE EFFECT IN THE IDENTIFICATION OF CHINESE TWO-CHARACTER WORDS
    Danling Peng, Shiyong Xu, Marcus Taft, Ying Liu
    2000, 32 (增刊):  42-46. 
    Abstract ( 180 )   PDF (626KB) ( 48 )  
    This article is related to two theoretical issues: 1) the facts that affect the phonology identification. 2) The function of the phonology in the semantic access. With the material of two-character words whose First characters are a polyphone, experiment I investigated the facts that affect the Chinese characters phonology processing in the word level in naming task. The result shows that the RT of the two-character words whose first characters are a polyphone is longer than that of the two-character words whose first characters have a sole phone. The error rate of the two-character words whose first characters are a polyphone is higher than that of the two-character words whose first characters have a sole phone These results suggest that there is the polyphonic effect in the naming task. With the same materials as those in experiment I, the lexical decision task and semantic categorization task were used respectively in experiment II & III to investigate the issue of the function of phonology in the semantic access. The results show that the polyphone effect, which was found in experiment I, was not found in experiments II & III, which suggests that the semantic could be accessed through the visual route directly.
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    EVALUATING THE WORDLIKENESS OF KANJI PSEUDO-COMPOUNDS: HOLISTIC AND ANALYTIC PROCESSES IN READING KANJI COMPOUNDS
    Hirofumi Saito, Masahiro Kawakami, Yoshinobu Yanase, Hisashi Masuda
    2000, 32 (增刊):  47-55. 
    Abstract ( 143 )   PDF (424KB) ( 113 )  
    When transcribing words written in Kana into Kanji, Japanese readers frequently generate pseudo-compounds of two real Kanji characters (Saito & Tsuzuki[1,2]). Kawakami, Saito, and Yanase[3] investigated whether participants' evaluation of Kanji pseudo-compounds as real words is related to their knowledge of individual Kanji characters and real Kanji compounds. Participants were divided into three knowledge groups (high, medium, and low), according to their performance on a cued recall test of Kanji compounds words. The medium knowledge group consistently rated Kanji pseudo-compound words as less wordlike than real Kanji compounds, compared to the high and low knowledge groups. In contrast, the high knowledge group rated real Kanji compounds as more wordlike than the middle or low knowledge groups. The data reported here were separately analyzed with “known or unknown” responses to the pseudo-compound words. The results indicated the same pattern of false positive responses with the “unknown” pseudo-compound words, but not with the “known”. Thus, good readers with extensive knowledge of Kanji compounds were more likely to identify a compound as real, whether it was or not, especially when they recognized the compound as “unknown”. These results suggest that linguistic metaknowledge concerning Kanji compounds and their componential characters can influence wordlikeness judgments for both real and pseudo Kanji compounds.
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    THE CHARACTERISTICS OF EYE MOVEMENT WHEN APPRECIATING CALLIGRAPHIC CHARACTER
    Deli Shen, Xuejun Bai, Guoli Yan
    2000, 32 (增刊):  56-59. 
    Abstract ( 137 )   PDF (953KB) ( 66 )  
    We used eye movement equipment and recorded subjects' characteristics of eye movement when appreciating calligraphic character. 16 subjects were divided into two groups. One group had 7 subjects who had less calligraphic knowledge and experience, and the other group had 9 subjects who had more calligraphic knowledge and experience. Seven kinds of structure of Chinese characters were involved. The subjects were asked to judge which charater is more beautiful in a pair of calligraphic characters. The results showed that the calligraphic knowledge affected the processes of calligraphic character appreciation.
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    LEXICAL RECOGNITION TASK:A NEW METHOD FOR THE STUDY OF CHINESE CHARACTER RECOGNITION
    Chih-Wei Hue, Angela Ku-Yuan Tzeng
    2000, 32 (增刊):  60-65. 
    Abstract ( 127 )   PDF (440KB) ( 24 )  
    The Lexical Decision Task (LDT) is frequently used to study the processes of word recognition. However, the results of a number of studies on English word recognition indicated that the LDT is really a discrimination task rather than a lexical access task. Thus, the word frequency effects on lexical decision time, which were reported in many studies and were used to build many word recognition models, were exaggerated.
    The LDT is also a frequently used task to study the processes of Chinese character recognition. However, using the LDT to study character recognition processing will not only encounter problems found in English research but also face other problems, e.g., the LDT is not a culturally appropriate task for studying Chinese. The present research contrasted subjects' performance on the LDT and on a new task called the lexical recognition task (LRT), and found that the LRT yielded lower false alarm rate in the pseudo-character condition than the LDT did. These results indicated that subjects used less orthographic strategy in making lexical recognition decisions than in making the lexical decisions. The researchers argued that the LRT is a better task in the study of character recognition processing than the LDT.
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    Sentence Comprehension
    EFFECTS OF SENTENCE PATTERN AND SEMANTIC REVERSI BILITY ON CHINESE SENTENCE PROCESSING
    Xin Jiang, Qicheng Jing
    2000, 32 (增刊):  66-72. 
    Abstract ( 122 )   PDF (554KB) ( 94 )  
    Three experiments were carried out to examine the effects of sentence pattern and semantic reversibility on Chinese sentence processing. In Experiment 1, 36 adult subjects were asked to make an agent judgment (a task that emphasized semantic analysis) of sentences which differed in sentence patterns (active sentence, “bei” sentence, and “ba” sentence) and semantic reversibility (reversible and nonreversible sentences). The results showed that both sentence pattern and semantic reversibility played important roles in the processing of Chinese sentences. In Experiment 2, 36 adult subjects were asked to make a speeded sentence judgment (a task that emphasized both semantic and syntactic analyses) of the same sentences. The results showed that sentence pattern had strong effect on sentence processing, but semantic reversibility had no significant effect. No significant interaction was found between sentence pattern and semantic reversibility in the two experiments. In experiment 3, the animate-agent verbs used in sentences of Experiment 2 were changed to animate-patient verbs. It was found that the results of Experiments 2 and 3 were the same. These results were discussed within a theory which assumes that syntactic parsing may be an autonomous process independent of semantic influence.
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    THE TIME OF THE FIGURATIVE MEANING COMPREHENSION OF THE IDIOM
    Xianjun She, Biyin Zhang
    2000, 32 (增刊):  73-76. 
    Abstract ( 90 )   PDF (499KB) ( 23 )  
    Idiom is a kind of figurative language. The comprehension process of idiom's figurative meaning is an important topic in Cognitive Psychology. Two cross-modal experiments were designed to investigate the time course of the three character idiom's comprehension. The idiom was present by hearing. The figurative or literal meaning of the idiom was present by vision, which was behind the second character of the idiom, ISI=0 ms. Experiment one found that the figurative meaning of high predictable idiom was activation behind the second character, but the figurative meaning of low predictable idiom wasn't activation behind the second character . Experiment two found that the literal meaning of low predictable idiom was activation behind the second character, but the literal meaning of high predictable idiom wasn't activation behind the second character . It was proved that the idiom's components were distributed in mental lexical, the comprehension of idiom was a compositional process.
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    ANALYSIS OF MISUNDERSTANDING IN DISTANCE VERBAL COMMUNICATION
    Guomei Zhou, Xiaolan Fu
    2000, 32 (增刊):  77-81. 
    Abstract ( 105 )   PDF (650KB) ( 212 )  
    The study explores the process of misunderstanding that occurs in distance verbal communication. 24 pairs of forty-eight college students participated in 1 experiment in which each pair of subjects performed a map task using an audio-with-sound-delay device in communication. Half the pairs were in the condition with 20ms sound delay; the other half were in the condition with 1000ms sound delay. T were recorded and analyzed. Subjects' personality traits were measured. Four factors leading to misunderstanding were determined. The results also showed that sound delay had significant influence on misunderstanding, personality traits influenced slip of tongue.
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    Language Development and Communication
    THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN'S AWARENESS OF THE MORPHOLOGY OF COMPOUND WORDS AND IT'S RELATIONSHIP WITH READING DEVELOPMENT EVIDENCE FROM A CHINESE STUDY
    Caihua Xu, Fengling Song, Biying Zhang, Tang Li
    2000, 32 (增刊):  82-86. 
    Abstract ( 119 )   PDF (656KB) ( 35 )  
    This study examined children's awareness of the morphology of compound words and its relationship with reading development. The first section explored the children's understanding of the morphology of compound words. Children were asked to pass judgements on the wordlike tendency of non-compound words and pseudo compound words. The second section explored whether children were able to utilize an awareness to understand new compound words. Children were asked to select a correct explanation from four options of the new compounds. In these new compounds, the two constituents were familiar to children but the compound was never taught. At last, children's reading comprehension was examined. The results showed that (1) Second year elementary children had been aware of the morphology of compound words. They could find the differences between the non-words and pseudo compounds. (2) The children who had a high ability could utilize an awareness to understand new compounds as soon as they acquired the awareness. However, the children who had a low ability could not. (3) According to the fix-order regression analysis in which the outcome was the correct ratio of reading comprehension, children's awareness had a contribution ratio of 4% at grade 2, but this role disappeared as the children grew up. Children's active utilization of their awareness to understand new compounds had a steady contribution ratio of 16-18% throughout their elementary years.
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    EFFECTS OF LISTENER'S RESPONSE TYPES ON SPEAKER'S RECODE IN REFERENTIAL COMMUNICATION
    Lixin Wang, Danling Peng, Janine Beaudichon
    2000, 32 (增刊):  87-91. 
    Abstract ( 87 )   PDF (659KB) ( 40 )  
    The present study investigated children's communication skill recurs to listener's (story listener) different types of response in referential communication. Response types were mainly divided into three: nonverbal response, verbal response and mixed response. 60 French children (M=8years, 7months) participated in a communication game. The speaker told a story meanwhile the listener made up the story figure with vignettes. Our results indicated that it existed a preference of speaker's recode in response to listener's different types of response in order to improve the communication efficiency. Listener's verbal response was the most effective one in eliciting speaker's recode, mixed response type was in the next place but it was more effective than nonverbal response.
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    AN INVESTIGATION OF CHINESE LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION SKILL
    Lixia Yang, Yongming Chen, Yao Cui
    2000, 32 (增刊):  92-95. 
    Abstract ( 302 )   PDF (472KB) ( 118 )  
    Two tests, the Multi-Media Language Comprehension Test (MMLCT) and Text Reading Comprehension Test (TRCT) were used in a study of Chinese language comprehension skill. MMLCT included two written, two auditory and two picture stories that reflected reading (R), listening (L) and viewing picture story (V) comprehension respectively. It was used to test Chinese general comprehension skill. TRCT included four texts of different styles. It was used to test Chinese reading comprehension skill. The results showed that: ⑴ MMLCT was significantly correlated with TRCT. ⑵ There might be more than one components in Chinese general comprehension skill. ⑶ Reading and listening were significantly correlated with each other. So, external language comprehension was relatively independent of the information modalities.
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    Studies on Bilingualism
    THE ORTHOGRAPHIC VARIATION HYPOTHESIS REVISITED: EVIDENCE FROM A METHA-ANALYSIS OF THE INTRA-LINGUIAL STROOP INTERFERENCE IN CHINESE AND ENGLISH
    Jenn-Yeu Chen
    2000, 32 (增刊):  96-101. 
    Abstract ( 90 )   PDF (492KB) ( 146 )  
    The question of whether there is greater intra-lingual Stroop interference in Chinese than in English was examined in a meta-analysis, which integrated research findings from 14 published and unpublished studies. A total of 15 Chinese samples and 19 English samples were analyzed. Stroop interference was expressed both in terms of reaction time (RT difference as well as RT ratio) and in terms of an effect size index (Hedge's g). No difference was observed between Chinese and English, either in RT difference, RT ratio, or in Hedge's g. This was the case regardless of the type of Stroop task (color-word or picture-word) and the type of neutral stimuli (homogeneous form or heterogeneous form) employed. The results also held when additional English samples were added into the analyses. The findings contradict the orthographic variation hypothesis, which predicts different intra-lingual Stroop interference between different writing systems. After reviewing and evaluating other kinds of evidence which were cited previously as supporting the hypothesis, it is concluded that the orthographic variation hypothesis bears no empirical ground and is best rejected.
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    MEMORY OF CONTEXTUAL INFORMATION AND BILINGUAL SEMANTIC REPRESENTATION
    Rongbao Li, Danling Peng
    2000, 32 (增刊):  102-105. 
    Abstract ( 79 )   PDF (416KB) ( 58 )  
    Human memory is organized in many forms and different information may have different storage in mind. It is a long debated issue whether a bilingual's semantic information from the input of different languages shares a common storage. Two contradicted points have been proposed: one holds that semantic information is language-specific and the information from different language is represented in the different part of the memory; the other believes that semantic information is language-general and information from all languages is reserved in a common space of memory. An experiment was conducted to approach the debating issue. In the experiment, a story was presented visually to subjects in either English or Chinese, after reading the story, the subjects were asked to make semantic judgment of target sentences according to the meaning of the story. The experimental results showed that the presenting language of articles had no significant effect on the semantic judgment of target sentences while the presenting language of target sentences made difference, and subjects made much quicker judgment to sentences presented in Chinese than those in English. These results suggest that the semantic information of story presented in any language share the common storage.
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    THE FEATURES OF FOREIGN STUDENTS PROCESSING CHINESE PHONOGRAM CHARACTERS
    Hui Chen, Qingmao Meng
    2000, 32 (增刊):  106-109. 
    Abstract ( 97 )   PDF (528KB) ( 23 )  
    Using 52 foreign students as subjects, we studied how foreign students processed Chinese phonogram characters. The materials used were 40 phonogram characters. These characters were selected from the book of “The General Outline of Chinese Vocabulary and Characters for Chinese Level Test”. They were all left-right structure characters with two radicals. The results were: Foreign students also showed frequency effect and regularity effect, these two effects had mutual function too. Foreign students could realize the function of phonogram of phonogram characters quicker than Chinese elementary students. With the increase of the characters' quantity, they also realized the limited function of phonogram. Context effect of foreign students processing phonogram characters was not obvious, and it showed that perhaps foreign students stored characters in the style of words in their mental lexicon. We thought that the reason was the effects of their native languages and the teaching methods for Chinese.
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    Language and Reading Disorder
    PHOMOLOGICAL PROCESSING OF NORMAL AND DYSLEXIC READERS OF CHINESE SCHOOL CHILDREN:EVIDENCE FROM HOMOPHONE JUDGMENT
    Xiangzhi Meng, Hua Shu, Xiaolin Zhou
    2000, 32 (增刊):  110-112. 
    Abstract ( 130 )   PDF (512KB) ( 129 )  
    Studies on English-speaking developmental dyslexia have converged to suggest that phonological impairments play a causal role in the genesis of difficulties in learning to read. The characteristic and nature of phonological processing in Chinese-speaking developmental dyslexia is still unclear. The present study examined the properties of phonological access of Chinese-speaking developmental dyslexia. The subjects were 12 right-handed dyslexic fifth graders (aged 10-11.5 years) and 12 age-matched controls. We screen dyslexic children using character recognition test, reading fluency test and teacher rating, the nonverbal-IQ (measured by Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices) of dyslexic group and controls was balanced. The experimental task was on-line homophone judgment, the orthographic similarity of pairs of characters that were presented consecutively was manipulated, and the interval between the presentations of two characters in each pair was 400 ms. Participants were asked to make “Yes” or “No” decision. The results indicated that: compared to non-related characters, the orthographic similarity characters could facilitate the phonological activation of characters that shared the same phonological representations, but interfere the phonological activation of characters that didn't share the same phonological representations. This effect varied with reading abilities, compared with age-matched controls, the orthographic similarity of the presented pair of characters had much more influence on the homophone judgment latency and accuracy of dyslexic children. These results showed that the phonological activation in visual character recognition was influenced by orthographic similarity characters, this effect was modulated by reading skills, with larger effect in developmental dyslexia, which suggested that their phonological access in whole character level was less efficient.
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    MORPHOLOGICAL DISORDERS OF BROCA'S AND CONDUCTION APHASICS
    Gang Cui
    2000, 32 (增刊):  113-120. 
    Abstract ( 440 )   PDF (653KB) ( 105 )  
    An effort is made to study the morphological disorders of Chinese Broca's and conduction aphasics through the analysis of the speech of 24 Broca's and conduction aphasics. The results showed that both Broca's and conduction aphasics have disorders in producing the morphological forms of words and there exits no qualitative differences between the two kinds of aphasics in morphological disorders.
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    SEMANTIC PRIMING IN DEMENTIA OF ALZHEIMER TYPE IN JAPANESE:A PRELIMINARY REPORT
    Naoyasu Motomura, Yoji Tomota, Takashi Seo
    2000, 32 (增刊):  121-124. 
    Abstract ( 126 )   PDF (572KB) ( 170 )  
    We investigated the semantic priming effects in 10 normal subjects and 12 patients with dementia of Alzheimer's type(DAT) using a lexical decision task consisting of one Japanese Kanji character. Both normal controls and DAT patients demonstrated a semantic priming effect in this task, but the effect was greater in the DAT patients than in normal subjects. The priming effect was more than 60 ms , which may be called “hyper-priming”. The semantic disturbance in DAT might be related to hyper-priming.
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