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30 December 2003, Volume 35 Issue 增刊 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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What We Learn From Cognitive Neuroscience? Wu Yanhong, Geng Haiyan, Zhu Ying 2003, 35 (增刊):  1-5.  Abstract ( 372 )   PDF (110KB) ( 126 )   The cognitive approach and cognitive neuroscience approach are two approaches in psychological research. First, the problem of cognitive psychology was discussed through several samples. And the advantage of the cognitive neuroscience was proposed. These three points are marked and essential distinctions between cognitive neuroscience and cognitive psychology. (1) The problem of cognitive psychology is the problem of multiple alternative theories. (2) Cognitive neuroscience can provide data that can localize cognitive processes and settle theoretical disputes. (3) The computer metaphor is not proper for our understanding of the mind, but the brain metaphor is. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Lexical and Sublexical Contribution to Phonological Activation in Reading Chinese: Interaction with Children's Reading Ability Zhang Yaxu, Zhou Xiaolin, Shu Hua, Cao Fan 2003, 35 (增刊):  6-13.  Abstract ( 250 )   PDF (171KB) ( 81 )   An experiment was conducted to investigate the relative contribution of lexical and sublexical processing to phonological activation of complex Chinese characters and its possible interaction with the reading ability of Chinese school children. Fifth grade children were asked to read aloud high and low frequency complex characters with embedded phonetic radicals. These radicals are pronounced either in the same way as the whole characters (regular characters) or differently (irregular characters). Using process dissociation procedure, this experiment tried to tear apart the relative contribution from character-level processing and sublexical processing of phonetic radicals to phonological activation of the whole characters. Contribution from lexical processing was generally greater than contribution from sublexical processing. However, this difference was attenuated for children with lower reading ability. It is argued that in reading complex Chinese characters, phonetic radicals are decomposed and used to access their own phonological representations (as well as phonological representations of other characters containing these radicals) in the lexicon, in parallel to lexical-level phonological processing. Contribution of sublexical processing to phonological activation of whole-characters is modulated by children's reading ability and by character frequency. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Earlier Phonological Activation than Semantic Activation in Reading Chinese? A Replication Study Xie Danke, Zhou Xiaolin 2003, 35 (增刊):  14-22.  Abstract ( 163 )   PDF (194KB) ( 65 )   The role of phonology in lexical access and semantic activation in reading Chinese is a controversial issue, and many arguments and experimental paradigms have been proposed to address the issue. One particular paradigm is to compare the relative time course of phonological and semantic activation. Two experiments were conducted to replicate Perfetti and Tan (1998) and Tan, Hoosain and Siok (1996) respectively with the same stimuli and experimental procedures. The first experiment used a primed naming task while the second experiment used a backward masking technique. These two experiments did not replicate the original studies which reported data showing earlier phonological activation than semantic activation in reading Chinese. Instead the present experiments, consistent with other studies, produced data suggesting that semantic information in the lexicon is activated at least as early and as strongly as phonological information. The importance of reporting replicable and reliable data in the study of cognitive processing of the Chinese language was discussed. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Category-specific Semantic Deficits：A Case Study Han Zaizhu, Shu Hua, Bai Xiaoli, Bi Yanchao 2003, 35 (增刊):  23-28.  Abstract ( 161 )   PDF (145KB) ( 86 )   Brain-damaged patients with selective impairment to specific semantic categories of knowledge, like living things and nonliving things, have been reported repeatedly in the literature on various languages. These deficits have helped reveal how semantic knowledge is organized in the brain. In this study we present a Chinese patient, WJX, who has a selective deficit to living things compared to non-living things. His non-lexical processes (e.g. digit memory span, visual and phonetic discrimination, bucco-facial apraxia) are spared to a great extent. However, he often makes semantic errors in lexical tasks, including auditory/visual picture recognition, and oral picture naming. Furthermore, WJX makes a significantly larger percentage of errors on living things rather than non-living things. These results add further evidence from Chinese language to support the theory that brain damage can selectively affect semantic knowledge in the brain. We interpret these results as consistent with the proposal that the semantic system is organized along categorical dimensions. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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SOC as a Framework of Adaptive Resource Regulation: Theoretical Issues and Empirical Application Lixia Yang, Ralf Th. Krampe 2003, 35 (增刊):  29-38.  Abstract ( 366 )   PDF (175KB) ( 62 )   Selective Optimization with Compensation (SOC) was originally proposed as a meta-theory for successful aging by Paul and Margret Baltes[1], and was recently developed as a theory of life-management[2]. In the same line, this review will mainly focus on the theoretical and empirical issues of SOC as a framework of adaptive resource regulation and its relationship with the age-graded changes in resources and functioning. In this framework, SOC is stipulated as a mechanism of selectively investing resources (selection), optimizing the utilization of resources (optimization), and compensatively using alternative resources in face of loss (compensation). Due to aging-induced decline in resources, older adults have to utilize their available resources more frugally and ecologically. Some strong empirical evidence for this argument came from the dual-task studies examining the competitive interplay between sensorimotor and cognitive functions. In general, the SOC framework of adaptive resource regulation can inform and direct the empirical approaches optimally suited for understanding the conditions and mechanism of successful development. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Negative Priming at the Cued and the Uncued Locations Zhang Ming, Chen Qi 2003, 35 (增刊):  39-45.  Abstract ( 206 )   PDF (167KB) ( 99 )   This research was to investigate the relation between anterior attention net (AAN) and posterior attention net (PAN) by exploring the relationship between Stroop negative priming (NP) effect which taps AAN and inhibition of return (IOR) which taps PAN. Experiment 1 suggested that NP still happened under the condition of which the prime stimulus and the probe stimulus were presented at the peripheral locations. In experiment 2, both IOR and NP happened and their interaction was significant. These results implied that PAN and AAN were not independent, but two dependent attentional nets. And PAN impeded the action of AAN at both cued locations and uncued locations; i.e. NP is weakened on the cued locations and is reversed on the uncued locations. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Attentional Priority in Visual Selective Attention Processing Zhang Xuemin, Shu Hua, Gao Wei, Gao Yuan 2003, 35 (增刊):  46-50.  Abstract ( 324 )   PDF (162KB) ( 125 )   The present study investigated visual attentional priority and attention scanning mode using a attentional cueing procedure. The experiment was a 3×2×2 within-subject design, including three factors, number of distractors, validity of cue and color change of target. The results showed that the response latencies of valid cue and color change target were faster than targets in other conditions. The identification speed in different conditions showed that valid cue with color change target was faster than invalid cue with color change and valid cue with no color change target, invalid cue with no color change target was more difficult to be identified than other conditions. In different experiment conditions, attention scanning mode was also different. Attention scanning mode of valid or invalid cue with color change target was parallel scanning. Attention scanning mode of invalid cue and no color change target was serial scanning. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Object-based Attention in Hierarchical Pattern Chen Wenfeng, Jiao Shulan 2003, 35 (增刊):  51-63.  Abstract ( 118 )   PDF (308KB) ( 75 )   Previous researches suggested that the asymmetric processes in hierarchical pattern were attributed to the size of spatial attention. The study extended the researches of attention in hierarchical pattern to the domain of object-based attention, and suggested an alternative view of global precedence. The object repetition procedure was applied in exp1 and exp2 to investigate the object-based attention. Results showed there was an object repetition effect in hierarchical pattern, and the effect in global level is larger than that in local level. Based on the results of exp1-2 and the theoretical account of biased competition, Exp3 were conducted to investigate how the top-down and bottom-up aspects of object attention influence the processes of global/local level of hierarchical pattern. Results showed the asymmetric pattern between global and local level obtained in exp1-2 was found in exp3, and provided evidence that the cooperation and competition of top-down and bottom-up biases influence the asymmetric processes of global/local level. In conclusion, (1) There were differences in object attention between global and local level in hierarchical pattern, on which the global precedence may depend; (2) The global-local difference of processes depended on the cooperation and competition of top-down and bottom-up biases in hierarchical pattern. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on Characteristics of False Recognition Guo Xiuyan, Yang Zhiliang, Zhou Meihua 2003, 35 (增刊):  64-69.  Abstract ( 513 )   PDF (167KB) ( 131 )   False recognition often happens, when subjects blend the new items with the old ones. It is now the hot point of research on memory inside and outside. The present authors investigated several main aspects of false recognition using experiments through letter and non-letter materials recognition testing, which described its characteristics from the point of definition. There were two independent variables: experimental materials and rewards. For experimental materials, we adopted within-subjects design, which included two levels of letter and non-letter. For rewards, we adopted between-subjects design, which included two levels of awarding right “old” answer and awarding right “new” answer. The results are as follows. (a) In recognition testing, false recognition is blending the new items with the old ones, and its rate is not low. Under the present experiments, false recognition occurs at large. (b) The rate of false recognition can be influenced by subjective factors (personal benefits). (c) The rate of false recognition can also be influenced by objective factors (experimental material property). References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Perceptual Grouping by Proximity and Similarity in the Peripheral Vision Jiang Yi, Han Shihui 2003, 35 (增刊):  70-78.  Abstract ( 170 )   PDF (338KB) ( 56 )   Our previous studies suggest that proximity dominates similarity in perceptual grouping in the foveal vision. The current work further investigated the difference between the two grouping processes in the peripheral vision using target detection and discrimination tasks in two experiments. Subjects were required to identify orientations of perceptual groups defined by either proximity or similarity that were presented in the left or the right visual fields. We found that reaction times were faster in the proximity than similarity grouping conditions regardless of whether subjects detected perceptual groups with specific orientations or discriminated orientations of perceptual groups in each trial. In addition, the dominance of proximity over similarity was not different between stimulus arrays presented in the left or the right visual fields. However, response speed did not differ between conditions when grouping was defined by similarity of orientation and closure. The results suggest that, in the peripheral vision, proximity grouping takes place earlier than grouping by similarity whereas similarity grouping by different geometrical features operates with the same speed. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Interpretive Theory of Mind in Children Aged 5 to 8 Su Yanjie, Wang Qian 2003, 35 (增刊):  79-84.  Abstract ( 253 )   PDF (142KB) ( 115 )   A picture-story task was used with sixty children aged 5 to 8 to investigate the emergence of their "interpretive theory of mind", and its relations with children's verbal intelligence and social skills. A "constructive, interpretive view of mind" was evident around 8 years old by children's appreciation of the influences of social biases on people's interpretations of ambiguous actions. The "constructive, interpretive view of mind" was shown to be acquired earlier than a "constructivist view of epistemology" (the appreciation that truth is relative). The appearance of children's initial "interpretive theory of mind" did not correlate significantly with either their performance in the Information, Similarity, Vocabulary and Comprehension sub-tests of WPPSI /WISC-CR or teacher's rating of their social skills. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Relationship Between Reasoning Ability, School Achievement and Personality Characteristics of Pupils Among the Han, the Hui, the Uygur, the Kazak, the Zang, the Bai and the Xibe Nationalities Wang Youzhi, Ouyang Lun 2003, 35 (增刊):  85-92.  Abstract ( 182 )   PDF (186KB) ( 79 )   This study measures the reasoning ability and personality characteristics of 750 pupils among seven nationalities by RSPM-CR and EPQ, and compares them with the school achievement of the pupils. The results show that: There are some differences among pupils of different nationalities in terms of personality characteristics and reasoning ability; personality characteristics, reasoning ability and school achievement are correlated; personality characteristics can forecast reasoning ability and school achievement. The research indicates: More attention should be paid to the personality formation of pupils in fundamental education, through which the quality of pupils can be thoroughly improved. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Repeated Morphine-Exposure on Behaviors of Stress response and Novelty Seeking on “Playground Maze” Tan Beiping, Zheng Xigeng, Sui Nan 2003, 35 (增刊):  93-98.  Abstract ( 193 )   PDF (243KB) ( 33 )   To investigate the effect of repeated morphine-exposure on the behavior of stress response and novelty seeking, a method referring to open-field and playground maze was designed and used to investigate the behavior difference of repeated morphine-exposure rats and naive rats. Ten rats (morphine group) were injected ip with morphine (10 mg/kg), and the other ten rats (vehicle group) were injected saline solution. After treatment on consecutive 20 days, all rats were placed in the same playground maze for 15 min on each of 3 consecutive days, but a small novel object was put at the center of it the last day. On the first day, the locomotor response to novel playground maze could be recorded as response to the stressor. Then after adapted the maze environment twice, rats were attracted to the novel object in familiar environment, and the duration and number of approach the novelty could be recorded as graded response of novelty-seeking. It was detected that the morphine group rats exhibited lower initial locomotor response to novelty maze stress on the first test day. As there was a novel object at the center the third day, the two groups rats spent more time near the center and approach the center more frequently than the first two days, and the morphine group rats behaved more duration approach to the novelty than the vehicle group. These results indicated that morphine-exposure could alter traits of rats by decreasing the level of stress response and increasing the novelty seeking. References | Related Articles | Metrics