ISSN 0439-755X
CN 11-1911/B
主办:中国心理学会
   中国科学院心理研究所
出版:科学出版社

心理学报 ›› 2019, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (2): 177-187.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1041.2019.00177

• 研究报告 • 上一篇    下一篇

“没有”为什么隐含着“消极情绪”?——否定加工中的情绪表征

高志华1,2, 鲁忠义1()   

  1. 1河北师范大学教育学院, 石家庄 050024
    2华北理工大学心理学院, 唐山 063210
  • 收稿日期:2018-02-09 发布日期:2018-12-24 出版日期:2019-02-25
  • 通讯作者: 鲁忠义 E-mail:zhongyilu@126.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家社会科学基金(12BYY048);教育部人文社会科学研究青年项目成果(16YJC190005);唐山心理健康与认知神经科学重点实验室和唐山市脑与认知功能研究基础创新团队专项经费资助(17130204D)

Why “no” implies “negative emotion”? Emotional representation in negation processing

GAO Zhihua1,2, LU Zhongyi1()   

  1. 1 College of Education, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
    2 College of Psychology, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, China
  • Received:2018-02-09 Online:2018-12-24 Published:2019-02-25
  • Contact: LU Zhongyi E-mail:zhongyilu@126.com

摘要:

采用情感错误归因范式(AMP)和经典情感启动范式(BFP), 在汉语双音节中性名词的前面加上否定或肯定词, 构成“没有/有XX”短语, 作为启动材料, 以中性俄语词或汉语情绪词为目标材料, 探讨了汉语否定加工的情绪表征。在实验1的AMP范式中, 刺激反应不同步(SOA)时间为200 ms和500 ms, 结果显示, 否定短语比肯定短语有显著高的消极反应概率; 在实验2的BFP范式中, 否定短语比肯定短语同样启动了更高的消极反应概率。实验结果表明, 否定本身具有消极效价, 否定加工通过消极情绪实现具身化。

关键词: 否定, 情绪, 具身化, 情感错误归因范式, 经典情感启动范式

Abstract:

Propositional theories propose that negation is an explicit abstract symbol, while the embodied theories believe that negation is represented by perceptual symbols. However, both sides lack direct evidence. In the present study, we develop another approach to discuss the issue -- emotional representation. Emotion is viewed as another form of basic experienced symbols and an important component of internal states to construe the representation of abstract concepts. Thus, can negation be represented by emotion?
In the two experiments, negative and affirmative phrases with a construction of “you/meiyou (a/no) + neutral two-syllable Chinese nominal words (e.g., 有/没有铁轨, a/no rail)” were developed as experimental materials to explore the emotional representation of negation processing. In experiment 1, we used the Affect Misattribution Procedure (AMP), in which affirmative and negative neutral phrases were adopted as primes presented for 200 ms after a 0 ms or 300 ms blank screen (SOA: 200 ms and 500 ms), and target ambiguous Russian words with 6~7 letters were presented for 100 ms and then were substituted by the masking pictures. The participants were asked to judge the pleasantness of the target Russian words. In experiment 2, we applied the classical affective procedure (Bona Fide Pipeline, BFP), in which the same primes and the same two SOAs in experiment 1 were adopted, but the targets were Chinese affective words from CAWS, and the target word in each trail was diminished until the participants made the judgment on the pleasantness of the target word. The dependent variable in both experiments was the unpleasant response rationale.
The results of experiment 1 demonstrated that negative neutral phrases led to more unpleasant responses to the ambiguous Russian words than affirmative phrases in the 200-ms and 500-ms SOA conditions. In experiment 2, negation phrases promoted participants’ responses to negative target words and misled responses to positive words more than affirmative phrases. In other words, negation primed more unpleasant responses regardless of the valence of the target words in both SOA conditions. Lastly, we compared the results of experiment 1 and experiment 2 and discovered that in both measure methods, negative neutral phrases induced more unpleasant responses than affirmative ones, which implied that negation had negative valence and was represented by negative emotion.
The results from the two experiments showed that negation was represented by emotional symbols. Because the prime materials adopted in the two experiments were neutral in valence, the different unpleasant response rationales reflected the different valence of the polarity (negation and affirmation), which differed from the explanation of the processing difficulties theories of negation. The stability of this negative bias across two durations meant that the emotional features of negation were not a temporal response but a property of negation. The negative priming effects of negation in the AMP and BFP, which had different demands on attentional resources, were similar. This implied that the negative valence of negation could be activated automatically with unintentional processing.

Key words: negation, emotion, embodiment, affective misattribution procedure (AMP), Bona Fide Pipeline (BFP)

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