ISSN 0439-755X
CN 11-1911/B
主办:中国心理学会
   中国科学院心理研究所
出版:科学出版社

心理学报 ›› 2008, Vol. 40 ›› Issue (11): 1158-1164.

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正性情绪刺激效价强度的变化对外倾个体注意的调制作用

何媛媛;袁加锦;伍泽莲;李红   

  1. 认知与人格教育部重点实验室,西南大学心理学院,重庆 400715
  • 收稿日期:2008-04-16 修回日期:1900-01-01 出版日期:2008-11-30 发布日期:2008-11-30
  • 通讯作者: 李红

The Valence Strength of Positive Stimuli Modulates the Attention in Extraverts Study

HE Yuan-Yuan; YUAN Jia-Jin; WU Ze-Lian; LI Hong   

  1. Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality ( SWU) , Ministry of Education; School of Psychology,
    Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
  • Received:2008-04-16 Revised:1900-01-01 Published:2008-11-30 Online:2008-11-30
  • Contact: LI Hong

摘要: 大量研究证明外倾性与正性情绪相关,且已有行为和fMRI研究表明外倾个体对正性刺激存在注意偏向。研究假设外倾个体对正性情绪刺激投入更多的注意资源,且注意程度受正性刺激效价强度变化的调制。实验采用内隐情绪任务和改进后的oddball的范式,利用ERP技术高度精确的时间分辨率,在一个较短的时间窗口内考察外倾被试在三种效价条件下(极端正性刺激,中等正性刺激,中性刺激)与注意相关的P2波幅是否两两差异显著。结果表明,外倾被试组在三种条件下P2波幅两两差异显著,且极端正性刺激诱发的P2波幅最大,中等正性刺激诱发的P2波幅次之,中性刺激诱发的P2波幅最小;非外倾被试组的P2波幅在三种情况下无显著差异。研究结果从ERP的角度证明了外倾被试对正性刺激存在注意偏向,且注意程度随正性刺激效价强度的变化而变化

关键词: 外倾个体, 注意偏向, 正性刺激, ERP, 效价强度

Abstract: Considerable research has confirmed the correlation between extraversion and positive affects (Costa et al., 1980 and 1990; Canli et al., 2001, Amin et al.,2004). In early studies, Costa and McCrae (1980) found that individuals who exhibited a high degree of extraversion—the tendency to be upbeat, optimistic, and to enjoy social contact—reported more positive emotions in everyday life than less extraverted individuals. Furthermore, this association proved effective in predicting levels of positive affects 10 years later (Costa and McCrae, 1980). In addition, highly extroverted individuals are reported slower to shift attention away from locations of positive incentive values compared with less extroverted individuals, suggesting an attentional bias of extroverts for emotionally positive stimuli (Derryberry & Reed, 1994). Consistent with these behavioral studies, the functional neuroimaging study by Amin and colleagues replicated the findings that neural activations elicited by positive stimuli increased with the degree of extroversion by an emotional dot-probe task (Amin et al., 2004). The results showed increased neural reactivity in the right fusiform gyrus with higher extroversion scores during a positive neutral match condition (the probe matched the neutral location), where extroverts made more efforts for a response due to their attentional bias for positive stimuli (Derryberry & Reed, 1994; Amin et al., 2004).
Therefore, it seems that extroverts are more sensitive to emotionally positive stimuli than less extroverted individual: they react more intensely to positive stimuli (Canli et al., 2001), and their attention is easy to be diverted by distracting stimuli laden with emotional positivity (Derryberry & Reed, 1994; Amin et al., 2004). Thus, the present study hypothesizes that extraverts direct more attention to positive stimuli, and the intensity of their attention increase with the valence strength of positive stimuli.
As paid volunteers, 14 extroverted (19–25 years; M=21.8 years, 7 males) and 14 non-extroverted (18-23 years; M=20.9 years, 7 males) students from Southwest University participated in the experiment. The subjects were selected from a large pool of 350 college students who filled in the extroversion subscale of the NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI). The present study adopted a modified oddball paradigm which consisted of 6 blocks of 100 trials, and each block included 70 standard and three conditions of 10 deviants. All deviants were pictures taken from the Chinese Affective Picture System (CAPS). A natural scene of cup served as the frequent standard picture and 30 pictures grouped as either highly positive (HP), moderately positive (MP), or Neutral served as the deviants. Three groups of deviant pictures were selected in such a way that they differed significantly in valence from one another, but were similar in arousal. Each subject was instructed to press the “F” key on the keyboard as accurately and quickly as possible if the standard picture appeared, and to press the “J” key if the deviant picture appeared. The EEG for correct response during each valence condition was overlapped and averaged separately.
At about 170ms after stimulus onset, a prominent P2 component was elicited in all three valence conditions, and P2 amplitudes were largest at central and central-frontal sites, irrespective of valence condition. We found a significant valence and extroversion interaction effect on P2 amplitudes. The results showed that in extroverts, highly positive stimuli elicited larger P2 amplitudes than moderately positive stimuli which, in turn, elicited larger amplitudes than the neutral stimuli. In contrast, ERPs were similar across the three valence conditions in non-extraverts.
The result indicates that the attentional bias of extraverts for positive stimuli increases with the valence intensity of positive stimuli

Key words: extraverts, attentional bias, positive stimuli, ERP, valence intensity

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