寻找丢失的自我——精神分裂症患者的自我面孔识别

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2020.00184

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为探索精神分裂症患者自我面孔识别的能力以及在视听整合任务中面孔对声音身份识别(同性和异性)的影响, 选取34名住院精神分裂症患者和26名健康被试, 分别进行单通道动态自我面孔识别任务、单通道自我声音识别任务和视听整合任务的3个实验。结果发现：精神分裂症患者的单通道自我面孔识别能力和自我声音识别能力与健康组无区别, 但在视听整合任务中, 精神分裂症患者的声音身份识别受到视觉通道面孔识别的影响。结果表明, 精神分裂症患者有自我面孔识别的能力, 自我面孔会促进自我声音的识别, 并抑制对同性他人声音和异性他人声音的识别。

关键词: 自我面孔识别, 自我声音识别, 视听整合, 面孔主导

Abstract:

Self-face recognition of patients with schizophrenia has always been a controversial topic. Different opinions exist about whether patients with schizophrenia have the ability of self-face recognition. One theory holds that the ability to recognize one’s own face is impaired in patients with schizophrenia, whereas others assert that the ability to process one’s face is intact. The most recent studies on self-face recognition in patients with schizophrenia are only based on visual self-face recognition. Therefore, in addition to using self-face recognition of a single modality, the audiovisual integration task may become a new way to explore schizophrenics’ self-face recognition.

In the present study, 34 patients with schizophrenia and 26 participants without schizophrenia were assigned to complete a dynamic single-modality self-face recognition task, self-voice recognition task, and audiovisual integration task. Experiment 1 was a 2 (participant type: schizophrenic, participants without schizophrenia) × 3 (face type: self, same gender, opposite gender) within-groups design. Experiment 2 was a 2 (participant type: schizophrenic, participants without schizophrenia) × 3 (voice type: self, same gender, opposite gender) within-groups design. Experiment 3 was a 2 (participant type: schizophrenic, participants without schizophrenia) × 3 (face type: self, same gender, opposite gender) × 3 (voice type: self, same gender, opposite gender) within-groups design, which aimed to explore the influence of participants’ self-face recognition on voice recognition in the audiovisual integration task.

Results showed that: 1) There was no significant difference in self-face recognition between patients with schizophrenia and participants without schizophrenia, and patients with schizophrenia could recognize their faces; 2) In self-voice recognition, there was no significant difference between patients with schizophrenia and participants without schizophrenia, and the ability of self-voice recognition in patients with schizophrenia was better than the voice recognition of others; 3) In the audiovisual integration task, voice recognition in patients with schizophrenia could be influenced by faces. There was no significant difference between patients with schizophrenia and participants without schizophrenia in the ability to recognize their own voices and self-face recognition. However, the ability of patients with schizophrenia to recognize voices of the same gender and opposite gender was not as good as that of participants without schizophrenia. Faces of the same and opposite gender could influence self-voice recognition.

It was found that patients with schizophrenia have the ability of self-face recognition and self-voice recognition. In the audiovisual integration task, faces could affect voice recognition, and self-face recognition could promote self-voice recognition but inhibit the recognition of other voices, including the same and opposite gender’s voices. Thus, using the approach of the audiovisual integration, it could be proved that the ability of self-voice recognition of patients with schizophrenia is intact.

Key words: self-face recognition, self-voice recognition, audio-visual integration, face dominance effect

中图分类号:

R395
B842

周爱保, 谢珮, 潘超超, 田喆, 谢君伟, 刘炯. (2020). 寻找丢失的自我——精神分裂症患者的自我面孔识别. 心理学报, 52(2), 184-196.

ZHOU Aibao, XIE Pei, PAN Chaochao, TIAN Zhe, XIE Junwei, LIU Jiong. (2020). Looking for the lost self: Self-face recognition in schizophrenics. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 52(2), 184-196.

图/表 9

表1 被试基本信息表(M ± SD)

变量	患者组(n = 34)	健康组(n =26)
年龄	33.50 ± 9.57	34.38 ± 11.8
受教育水平(年)	10.76 ± 3.24	12.72 ± 4.51
性别(男/女)	17/17	12/14
SAPS	34.97 ± 30.13
SANS	35 ± 30.32
药物剂量(氯丙嗪等效)	335.35 ± 187.43

图1 实验1单一试次流程图注：实验开始屏幕中央呈现字号为36磅的黑色十字, 500 ms之后出现无声的动态面孔刺激, 被试按键反应之后进入实验缓冲的空屏。

图2 不同类型被试单通道面孔识别任务结果注：图(a)中正确率的结果为平均数, 竖线代表正确率的标准差;图(b)中反应时的结果为平均数, 竖线代表反应时的标准差。*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001。

图3 实验2单一试次流程图注：实验开始屏幕中央呈现字号为36磅的黑色十字, 500 ms之后出现空屏, 耳机中出现声音刺激, 要求被试注视屏幕, 被试按键反应之后进入实验缓冲的空屏。

图4 不同类型被试单通道声音识别任务的结果注：图(a)中正确率的结果为平均数, 竖线代表正确率的标准差; 图(b)中反应时的结果为平均数, 竖线代表反应时的标准差, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001。

图5 实验三单一试次流程图注：实验开始屏幕中央呈现字号为36磅的黑色十字, 500 ms之后呈现有声的视频刺激, 被试按键反应之后进入实验缓冲的空屏。

图6 不同面孔条件下声音识别任务的正确率注：图中正确率的结果为平均数, 竖线代表正确率的标准差, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001。

图7 不同面孔条件下声音识别任务的反应时注：图中反应时的结果为平均数, 竖线代表反应时的标准差, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001。

图8 单通道和双通道(自我面孔)条件下声音识别任务的正确率注：图中正确率的结果为平均数, 竖线代表正确率的标准差, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001。

参考文献 48

[1]	Adduri C. A., & Marotta J. J . (2009). Mental rotation of faces in healthy aging and Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One, 4(7), e6120.
[2]	Anouk V. D. W., Prikken M., & van Haren N. E. M . (2015). Self-other integration and distinction in schizophrenia: A theoretical analysis and a review of the evidence. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 57, 220-237.
[3]	Arnal L. H., Morillon B., Kell C. A., & Giraud A. L . (2009). Dual neural routing of visual facilitation in speech processing. Journal of Neuroscience, 29(43), 13445-13453.
[4]	Blank H., Anwander A., & Kriegstein K. V . (2011). Direct structural connections between voice- and face-recognition areas. Journal of Neuroscience the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 31(36), 12906-12915.
[5]	Bortolon C., Capdevielle D., & Stéphane R . (2015). Face recognition in schizophrenia disorder: A comprehensive review of behavioral, neuroimaging and neurophysiological studies. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 53, 79-107.
[6]	Bortolon C., Capdevielle D., Altman R., Macgregor A., Attal J., & Raffard S . (2017). Mirror self-face perception in individuals with schizophrenia: Feelings of strangeness associated with one's own image. Psychiatry research, 253, 205-210.
[7]	Bortolon C., Capdevielle D., Salesse R. N., & Raffard S . (2016). Further insight into self-face recognition in schizophrenia patients: Why ambiguity matters. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 50, 215-222.
[8]	Calvert G. A., Hansen P. C., Iversen S. D., & Brammer M. J . (2001). Detection of audio-visual integration sites in humans by application of electrophysiological criteria to the bold effect. Neuroimage, 14(2), 427-438.
[9]	Candini M., Zamagni E., Nuzzo A., Ruotolo F., Iachini T., & Frassinetti F . (2014). Who is speaking? Implicit and explicit self and other voice recognition. Brain and Cognition, 92, 112-117.
[10]	Catherine B., Delphine C., Salesse R. N., & Raffard Stéphane . (2016). Self-face recognition in schizophrenia: An eye-tracking study. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 10.
[11]	Conde T., Gonçalves, Óscar F., & Pinheiro A. P . (2018). Stimulus complexity matters when you hear your own voice: Attention effects on self-generated voice processing. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 133, 66-78.
[12]	de G. B., Vroomen J., Annen L., Masthof E., & Hodiamont P . (2003). Audio-visual integration in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 59(2-3), 211-218.
[13]	Delerue C., Laprévote V., Verfaillie K., & Boucart M . (2010). Gaze control during face exploration in schizophrenia. Neuroscience Letters, 482(3), 245-249.
[14]	Fellowes J. M., Remez R. E., & Rubin P. E . (1997). Perceiving the sex and identity of a talker without natural vocal timbre. Perception & Psychophysics, 59(6), 839-849.
[15]	Graux J., Gomot M., Roux S., Bonnet-Brilhault F., & Bruneau N . (2015). Is my voice just a familiar voice? An electrophysiological study. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 10(1), 101-105.
[16]	Graux J., Gomot M., Roux S., Bonnet-Brilhault F., Camus V., & Bruneau N . (2013). My voice or yours? An electrophysiological study. Brain Topography, 26(1), 72-82.
[17]	Hayley D., Peterman J. S., Sohee P., Suresh S., & Olivia C . (2013). Are patients with schizophrenia impaired in processing non-emotional features of human faces? Frontiers in Psychology, 4.
[18]	Hur J. W., Kwon J. S., Lee T. Y., & Park S . (2014). The crisis of minimal self-awareness in schizophrenia: A meta- analytic review. Schizophrenia Research, 152(1), 58-64.
[19]	Jardri R., & Denève S . (2013). Circular inferences in schizophrenia. Brain A Journal of Neurology, 136(11), 3227-3241.
[20]	Joassin F., Maurage P., & Campanella S . (2011). The neural network sustaining the cross-modal processing of human gender from faces and voices: An fMRI study. Neuroimage, 54(2), 1654-1661.
[21]	Jr G. G . (1970). Chimpanzees: Self-recognition. Science, 167(3914), 86-87.
[22]	Keenan J. P., Mccutcheon B., Freund S., Gallup G. G., & Pascual-Leone A . (1999). Left hand advantage in a self-face recognition task. Neuropsychologia, 37(12), 1421-1425.
[23]	Lee J., Kwon J. S., Shin Y. W., Lee K. J., & Park S . (2007). Visual self-recognition in patients with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 94(1-3), 215-220.
[24]	MacSweeney M., Amaro E., Calvert G. A., Campbell R., David A. S., McGuire P., ... Brammer M. J . (2000). Silent speechreading in the absence of scanner noise: An event-related fMRI study. Neuroreport, 11(8), 1729-1733.
[25]	Maguinness C., & Kriegstein K. V . (2017). Cross-modal processing of voices and faces in developmental prosopagnosia and developmental phonagnosia. Visual Cognition, 25(4-6), 644-657.
[26]	Martin B., Giersch A., Huron C., & van Wassenhove V . (2013). Temporal event structure and timing in schizophrenia: Preserved binding in a longer “now”. Neuropsychologia, 51(2), 358-371.
[27]	Maurer D., & Landis T . (1990). Role of bone conduction in the self-perception of speech. Folia Phoniatrica, 42(5), 226-229.
[28]	McGurk H., & MacDonald J . (1976). Hearing lips and seeing voices. Nature, 264(5588), 746-748.
[29]	Mingdi X., Fumitaka H., Ryu-Ichiro H., & Hiroko H . (2013). Acoustic cues for the recognition of self-voice and other-voice. Frontiers in Psychology, 4.
[30]	Mishler A., & Neider M . (2016). Evidence for the redundant signals effect in detection of categorical targets. Journal of Vision, 16(12), 1024-1024.
[31]	Moe A. M., & Docherty N. M . (2014). Schizophrenia and the sense of self. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 40(1), 161-168.
[32]	Parker S. T., Mitchell R. W., & Boccia M. L . (Eds.).(1994). Self-awareness in animals and humans: Developmental perspectives. New York: Cambridge University Press.
[33]	Pearl D., Yodashkin-Porat D., Katz N., Valevski A., Aizenberg D., Sigler M., ... Kikinzon L . (2009). Differences in audiovisual integration, as measured by mcgurk phenomenon, among adult and adolescent patients with schizophrenia and age-matched healthy control groups. Compr Psychiatry, 50(2), 186-192.
[34]	Peng X., Chang R., Ren G., Wang A., & Tang X . (2018). The interaction between exogenous attention and multisensory integration. Advances in Psychological Science, 26(12), 2129-2140.
	[ 彭姓, 常若松, 任桂琴, 王爱君, 唐晓雨 . (2018). 外源性注意与多感觉整合的交互关系. 心理科学进展, 26(12), 2129-2140.]
[35]	PeynircioǧLu Z. F., Brent W., Tatz J. R., & Wyatt J . (2017). Mcgurk effect in gender identification: Vision trumps audition in voice judgments. The Journal of General Psychology, 144(1), 59-68.
[36]	Pinheiro A. P., Rezaii N., Rauber A., & Niznikiewicz M . (2016). Is this my voice or yours? the role of emotion and acoustic quality in self-other voice discrimination in schizophrenia. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 21(4), 335-353.
[37]	Pinheiro A. P., Rezaii N., Rauber A., Nestor P. G., Spencer K. M., & Niznikiewicz M . (2017). Emotional self-other voice processing in schizophrenia and its relationship with hallucinations: ERP evidence. Psychophysiology, 54(9), 1252-1265.
[38]	Sass L. A., & Parnas J . (2003). Schizophrenia, consciousness, and the self. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 29(3), 427-444.
[39]	Schatz J . (1998). Cognitive processing efficiency in schizophrenia: Generalized vs domain specific deficits. Schizophrenia Research, 30(1), 41-49.
[40]	Seiferth N. Y., Baar S., & Schwabe R . (2007). Self-face recognition in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 94(1-3), 264-272.
[41]	Stephane M., Kuskowski M., Mcclannahan K., Surerus C., & Nelson K . (2010). Evaluation of speech misattribution bias in schizophrenia. Psychological Medicine, 40(5), 741-748.
[42]	Stone D. B., Coffman B. A., Bustillo J. R., Aine C. J., & Stephen J. M . (2014). Multisensory stimuli elicit altered oscillatory brain responses at gamma frequencies in patients with schizophrenia. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8.
[43]	Surguladze S. A., Calvert G. A., Brammer M. J., Campbell R., Bullmore E. T., Giampietro V., & David A . (2001). Audio-visual speech perception in schizophrenia: An fMRI study. Psychiatry Research, 106(1), 1-14.
[44]	Uddin L. Q., Davies M. S., Scott A. A., Eran Z., Bookheimer S. Y., & Marco I . (2008). Neural basis of self and other representation in autism: An fMRI study of self-face recognition. PLoS ONE, 3(10), e3526.
[45]	von Kriegstein K., Dogan O., Gruter M., Giraud A. L., Kell C. A., Gruter T., ... Kleinschmidt A . (2008). Simulation of talking faces in the human brain improves auditory speech recognition. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105(18), 6747-6752.
[46]	White T. P., Wigton R. L., Joyce D. W., Tracy B., Christian F., & Nisha W., ... Shergill S. S . (2014). Eluding the illusion? Schizophrenia, dopamine and the mcgurk effect. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8, 565.
[47]	Woodruff P. W., Wright I. C., Bullmore E. T., Brammer M., Howard R. J., ... Williams S. C . (1997). Auditory hallucinations and the temporal cortical response to speech in schizophrenia: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154(12), 1676-1682.
[48]	Zhang L., Zhu H., Xu M., Jia H. X., & Liu J . (2012). Selective impairment in recognizing the familiarity of self faces in schizophrenia. Chinese Science Bulletin, 57(15), 1818-1823.