时间压力对错误记忆的影响：情绪的调节作用

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2018.00929

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

考察时间压力下不同类型的情绪刺激和情绪状态对错误记忆的影响, 并进一步探讨时间压力对心境一致性错误记忆的影响。实验1采用经典的DRM范式, 记录被试对情绪关键诱饵的错误再认数。结果发现时间压力增强了被试对负性关键诱饵的错误再认。实验2先在测试阶段启动被试的情绪, 再记录关键诱饵的错误再认数。结果发现, 在时间压力下, 正性情绪组的被试有更多的错误记忆。实验3采用带有情绪效价的DRM词表, 并在测试阶段启动被试的正负情绪, 然后再记录情绪关键诱饵的错误再认数。结果发现, 压力组和控制组被试都表现出了明显的心境一致性错误记忆。研究结果表明, 时间压力对错误记忆具有增强作用, 尤其对负性心境一致性错误记忆具有更为明显的增强作用, 但个体的负性情绪会削弱在时间压力下错误记忆的产生。这些结果进一步发展了激活监控理论和情感信息等价假设理论。

关键词: 错误记忆, 情绪, 时间压力, 心境一致性

Abstract:

A large number of studies have revealed that memories not only easily fade away but also can occasionally be changed spontaneously; memory errors are everywhere, reminding us that memories are not an exact copy of the experienced events. The influences of the various types of stimulus and emotional states on false memories were first studied by using the classical DRM paradigm. Furthermore, we investigated the influence of time stress on mood-congruent false memories.
The first experiment was performed to identify the influences of different emotional stimuli on false memories under time pressure. The hybrid design method was used, namely, 2 (time stress: stress group and control group) × 3 (word titer: positive word, negative word, and neutral word). The between-subject variable was time pressure, the within-subject variable was word titer, and the dependent variable was the number of the false recognitions of the critical lures. The results of experiment 1 showed that the main effect was remarkable under time stress, as was the valence of words. The interaction between the time stress and valence of words was significant. The results demonstrated that the number of false recognitions for the subjects in the stress group with respect to the negative critical lures was much higher than were those of the neutral and positive ones.
The second experiment sought to uncover the influences of different emotional states on the false memory under time pressure. The design method of 2 (time stress: stress group and control group) × 3 (emotion titer: positive emotion group, negative emotion group, and neutral group) was used, and the dependent variable was the number of the false recognitions of the critical lures. The results of experiment 2 showed that the main effect was marginally significant under the time stress, and the emotion was significant. The interaction between time stress and emotion was significant. The results revealed that the false recognition for the subjects in the positive emotion group with respect to the critical lures had the largest number.
The third experiment utilized the hybrid design method of 2 (time stress: stress group and control group) × 4 (mood type: positive mood-congruency, negative mood-congruency, positive mood-inconsistency, and negative mood-inconsistency) to investigate the influences of time pressure on mood-congruent false memories, demonstrating that both the pressure group and the control group subjects showed a significant mood-congruent false memory. The results of experiment 3 showed that the number of false recognitions with respect to the mood-congruency for the subjects in the stress group and the control group were both higher than that of the mood-inconsistency, and the stress group had a larger number of false recognitions than did the control group under the condition of mood-congruency.
The results of three experiments show that time pressure has a positive effect on false memories and further promotes negative mood-consistency false memories. Individual negative emotions can undermine the generation of false memories under time pressure.

Key words: false memory, emotion, time pressure, mood-congruency

中图分类号:

B842

钟毅平, 张文洁, 李亚蕾, 范伟. (2018). 时间压力对错误记忆的影响：情绪的调节作用. 心理学报, 50(9), 929-939.

Yiping ZHONG, Wenjie ZHANG, Yalei LI, Wei FAN. (2018). Influence of time stress on mood-congruent false memories. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 50(9), 929-939.

参考文献

1	Benjamin, A. S . ( 2001). On the dual effects of repetition on false recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition, 27( 4), 941-947.
2	Bland C. E., Howe M. L., & Knott L . ( 2016). Discrete emotion-congruent false memories in the DRM paradigm. Emotion, 16( 5), 611-619.
3	Bower, G. H . ( 1981). Mood and memory. American psychologist, 36( 2), 129-148.
4	Brainerd, C E., Holliday, R E., Reyna, V F., Yang Y., & Toglia, M P . ( 2010). Developmental reversals in false memory: Effects of emotional valence and arousal. Journal of experimental child psychology, 107( 2), 137-154.
5	Brainerd C. J., Stein L. M., Silveira, R A., Rohenkohl G., & Reyna V. F . ( 2008). How does negative emotion cause false memories? Psychological Science, 19( 9), 919-925.
6	Carneiro P., Fernandez A., Diez E., Garcia-Marques L., Ramos T., & Ferreira M. B . ( 2012). “Identify-to-reject”: A specific strategy to avoid false memories in the DRM paradigm. Memory & Cognition, 40( 2), 252-265.
7	Chepenik L. G., Cornew L. A., & Farah M. J . ( 2007). The influence of sad mood on cognition. Emotion, 7( 4), 802-811.
8	Corson, Y., & Verrier , N. (2007). Emotions and false memories: valence or arousal? Psychological Science, 18( 3), 208-211.
9	Dou, G. ( 2014). The aging effect on false memories in the DRM paradigm (Unpublished Doctoral Dissertations), East China Normal University, Shanghai.
10	[ 窦刚 . ( 2014). DRM范式下错误记忆的老化效应研究. (博士论文), 华东师范大学, 上海.]
11	Du,J. Z., & Gao, Y. C . ( 2008). The effects of emotional state on false memory, psychological science, 31( 3), 571-574.
12	[ 杜建政, 高妍春 . ( 2008). 情绪对错误记忆的影响. 心理科学, 31( 3), 571-574. ]
13	Frenda S. J., Berkowitz S. R., Loftus E. F., & Fenn K. M . ( 2016). Sleep deprivation and false confessions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 113( 8), 2047-2050.
14	Howe M. L., & Malone c . ( 2011). Mood-congruent true and false memory: Effects of depression. Memory, 19(2), 192-201.
15	Howe, M. L . ( 2007). Children's emotional false memories. Psychological Science, 18( 10), 856-860.
16	Huang, Y. X., & Luo, Y. J . ( 2009). Can negative stimuli always have the processing superiority?Acta Psychologica Sinica, 41( 9), 822-831.
17	[ 黄宇霞, 罗跃嘉 . ( 2009). 负性情绪刺激是否总是优先得到加工: ERP研究. 心理学报, 41( 9), 822-831.]
18	Jiang J., Scolaro A. J., Bailey K., & Chen A . ( 2011). The effect of music-induced mood on attentional networks. International Journal of Psychology, 46( 3), 214-222.
19	Lin Q., Zheng X., &Wang Y. F . ( 2008). Revision of the positive affect and negative affect scale. Chinese Journal of Applied Psychology. 14( 3), 249-254.
20	[ 邱林, 郑雪, & 王雁飞 . ( 2008). 积极情感消极情感量表(PANAS)的修订. 应用心理学, 14( 3), 249-254.]
21	Otgaar H., Howe M. L., & Muris P . ( 2017). Maltreatment increases spontaneous false memories but decreases suggestion-induced false memories in children. Developmental Psychology, 35( 3), 376-391.
22	Roediger, H. L., & Mcdermott, K. B . ( 1995). Creating false memories: Remembering words not presented in lists. Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition, 21( 4), 803-814.
23	Schwarz, N., &Clore, G. L . ( 1983). Mood, misattribution, and judgement of well-being: Informative and directive functions of affective states. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45( 3), 513-523.
24	Storbeck, J., & Clore, G. L . ( 2005). With sadness comes accuracy; with happiness, false memory: mood and the false memory effect. Psychological Science, 16( 10), 785-791.
25	Stadler M A, Roediger H L, McDermott K B . ( 1999). Norms for word lists that create false memories. Memory & cognition, 27( 3), 494-500.
26	Van, D. I . ( 2013). Mood and the DRM paradigm: An investigation of the effects of valence and arousal on false memory. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 66( 6), 1060-1081.
27	Wang, D. W . ( 2007). The experimental research on time pressure affecting decision (Unpublished Doctoral Dissertations), East China Normal University, Shanghai.
28	[ 王大伟 . ( 2007). 决策制定过程中时间压力效应的实验研究. (博士论文), 华东师范大学, 上海.]
29	Wang, D. W., & Hu, Y. ( 2008). The experimental research on time pressure affecting decision. Chinese Economy Management Science Magazine, ( 3), 26-29.
30	[ 王大伟, 胡瑜 . ( 2008). 决策制定过程中时间压力效应的实验研究. 中国经济与管理科学, ( 3), 26-29.]
31	Wang H. B., Zhang D. R., & Yu Y. Q . ( 2009). Time dependence of enhancement effects in emotional memory. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 41( 10), 932-938.
32	[ 王海宝, 张达人,& 余永强 . ( 2009). 情绪记忆增强效应的时间依赖性. 心理学报, 41( 10), 932-938.]
33	Wang, Z. H., & Jiang, C. H . ( 2008). Theory Models of Emotional Memory. Journal of Northwest Normal University (Social Sciences), 45( 4), 112-117.
34	[ 王振宏, 蒋长好 . ( 2008). 情绪记忆的理论模型. 西北师范大学学报(社会科学版), 45( 4), 112-117.]
35	Zhang, L. ( 2013). The Effects of Emotions on Associatively false memory (Unpublished master’s thesis). Capital Normal University, Beijing.
36	[ 张兰 . ( 2013). 情绪对关联性错误记忆的影响: 一个ERP研究. (硕士论文), 首都师范大学, 北京.]
37	Zhang, W. W . ( 2013). The effect of warning cues on mood- congruent false memory in DRM paradigm (Unpublished Master Theses). Southwest University, Chongqing.
38	[ 张蔚蔚 . ( 2013). DRM范式下预警对心境一致性错误记忆的影响. (硕士论文). 西南大学, 重庆.]
39	Zhang W. W., Gao F., Jiang J., Zhang J. Y., & Zhang Q. L . ( 2012). The cognitive mechanism of mood-congruent false memory in DRM paradigm. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 44( 12), 1596-1606.
40	[ 张蔚蔚, 高飞, 蒋军, 张继元, 张庆林 . ( 2012). DRM范式下心境一致性错误记忆的认知机制. 心理学报, 44( 12), 1596-1606. ]
41	Zhou, C., & Nie, J. ( 2009). An empirical research on the Dual- processing mechanism of false recognition. Psychological Science, 32(2), 334-337.
42	[ 周楚, 聂晶 . ( 2009). 错误再认的双加工机制——兼作信号检测论的分析. 心理科学, 32( 2), 334-337.]
43	Zhou, C., & Yang, Z. L . ( 2008). The effects of warning and presentation duration on false recognition and false recall. Psychological Science, 31( 3), 546-552.
44	[ 周楚, 杨治良 . ( 2008). 预警和呈现时间对错误再认和错误回忆的影响. 心理科学, 31( 3), 546-552.]
45	Zhou, T. M . ( 2012). Review of emotion theories in the evolutionary psychology. Journal of Shenyang Normal University (Social Scicence Edition), 36( 6), 132-134.
46	[ 周铁民 . ( 2012). 进化心理学情绪观述评. 沈阳师范大学学报(社会科学版), 36( 6), 132-134.]

[1]	雷震, 毕蓉, 莫李澄, 于文汶, 张丹丹. 外显和内隐情绪韵律加工的脑机制：近红外成像研究[J]. 心理学报, 2021, 53(1): 15-25.
[2]	黄月胜, 张豹, 范兴华, 黄杰. 无关工作记忆表征的负性情绪信息能否捕获视觉注意?一项眼动研究[J]. 心理学报, 2021, 53(1): 26-37.
[3]	苗晓燕, 孙欣, 匡仪, 汪祚军. 共患难, 更同盟：共同经历相同负性情绪事件促进合作行为[J]. 心理学报, 2021, 53(1): 81-94.
[4]	华艳, 李明霞, 王巧婷, 冯彩霞, 张晶. 左侧眶额皮层在自动情绪调节下注意选择中的作用：来自经颅直流电刺激的证据[J]. 心理学报, 2020, 52(9): 1048-1056.
[5]	李树文, 罗瑾琏. 领导-下属情绪评价能力一致与员工建言：内部人身份感知与性别相似性的作用[J]. 心理学报, 2020, 52(9): 1121-1131.
[6]	张琪, 邓娜丽, 姜秀敏, 李卫君. 自我相关性影响情绪词汇加工的时间进程[J]. 心理学报, 2020, 52(8): 946-957.
[7]	何晓丽, 袁小龙, 胡铭, 周丽晨. 父母元情绪理念与青少年问题行为:迷走神经的调节作用[J]. 心理学报, 2020, 52(8): 971-981.
[8]	张积家, 陆禹同, 张启睿, 张金桥. 外语焦虑、紧张情绪与认知负荷对外语说谎的影响：来自中-英双语者的证据[J]. 心理学报, 2020, 52(7): 861-873.
[9]	丁小斌, 王睿, 康铁君, 刘建邑, 周嘉宁. 他人面孔情绪知觉中自我参照与母亲参照的一致性：来自ERP的证据[J]. 心理学报, 2020, 52(6): 694-705.
[10]	侯璐璐, 陈莅蓉, 周仁来. 经前期综合征与奖赏进程失调——来自脑电的证据[J]. 心理学报, 2020, 52(6): 742-757.
[11]	宋晓蕾,贾筱倩,赵媛,郭晶晶. 情绪对联合行动中共同表征能力的影响机制[J]. 心理学报, 2020, 52(3): 269-282.
[12]	孙岩, 吕娇娇, 兰帆, 张丽娜. 自我关注重评和情境关注重评情绪调节策略及对随后认知控制的影响[J]. 心理学报, 2020, 52(12): 1393-1406.
[13]	孙岩,薄思雨,吕娇娇. 认知重评和表达抑制情绪调节策略的脑网络分析：来自EEG和ERP的证据[J]. 心理学报, 2020, 52(1): 12-25.
[14]	范伟,任梦梦,肖俊泽,简增郸,杜晓明,傅小兰. 羞耻情绪对欺骗行为的影响：自我控制的作用[J]. 心理学报, 2019, 51(9): 992-1006.
[15]	唐日新,李佳佳,王志鹏. 情绪效价、唤醒度和有无评价影响手部动作[J]. 心理学报, 2019, 51(8): 890-902.