ISSN 0439-755X
CN 11-1911/B
主办:中国心理学会
   中国科学院心理研究所
出版:科学出版社

心理学报 ›› 2018, Vol. 50 ›› Issue (6): 583-591.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1041.2018.00583

• 研究报告 •    下一篇

不同意识水平下认知资源对直觉优势效应的调节 *

于婷婷1, 殷悦1, 王舒1, 周淑金1, 唐晓晨2, 罗俊龙1()   

  1. 1上海师范大学教育学院心理系, 上海 200234
    2上海交通大学医学院附属精神卫生中心重性精神障碍重点实验室, 上海 200030
  • 收稿日期:2017-08-14 发布日期:2018-04-28 出版日期:2018-06-01
  • 通讯作者: 罗俊龙 E-mail:luo831023@163.com
  • 作者简介:殷悦为共同第一作者
  • 基金资助:
    上海市自然科学基金项目(17ZR1420500);上海市教育委员会科研创新项目资助(15ZS041)

Positive effect of intuitive processing is modulated by cognitive resources under different levels of consciousness

YU Tingting1, YIN Yue1, WANG Shu1, ZHOU Shujin1, TANG Xiaochen2, LUO Junlong1()   

  1. 1 Department of Psychology, College of Education, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
    2 Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
  • Received:2017-08-14 Online:2018-04-28 Published:2018-06-01
  • Contact: LUO Junlong E-mail:luo831023@163.com

摘要:

直觉的优势效应近来被越来越多研究者关注, 但该优势效应对认知资源的依赖程度以及受意识调节的情况尚无专门探讨。为此, 本研究采用汉字组块破解任务, 通过汉字的包含关系操纵认知资源, 通过阈上、阈下的呈现时间操纵意识水平考察了直觉与分析的加工过程。结果发现, 相比较分析条件, 直觉条件在阈上表现出优势效应:包含与不包含情况下均正确率更高、反应时更快; 但在阈下只有不包含情况出现直觉优势:不包含情况下正确率更高、反应时更快, 包含情况下二者无显著差异。这表明, 在无意识水平下, 认知资源可以调节直觉的优势效应; 但在意识水平下, 认知资源则不能够调节该效应。

关键词: 意识水平, 认知资源, 直觉加工, 分析加工

Abstract:

It was argued that thinking is characterized by the action of two distinctive cognitive systems, namely, intuitive (Type 1) processing and analytic (Type 2) processing. Intuitive processing is generally described as rapid, automatic, unconscious, and effortless, whereas analytic processing appears to be slow, controlled, conscious, and effortful. Decades of research have established that human judgment is often predisposed to rapid, intuitive processing. However, recent research has indicated that intuitive processing can support reasoning and even enhance it under certain conditions. Recent findings have suggested that intuitive processing should be as affected by cognitive resources and consciousness as analytic processing. However, intuitive and analytic processing will interfere with one another through a series of classical paradigms in which the results of two distinctive cognitive systems are in conflict. To avoid this interference, the present study applied the Chinese character chunking decomposition task, predicting that intuitive processing positively affect problem solving, but that it would disappear under conditions wherein cognitive resources were extremely scarce.

In the present research, we first drew up the Chinese character chunking decomposition task as materials, and participants were asked to judge whether the target character (e.g., “又”) was a component of the original character (e.g., “支”). Then, the formal experiment was organized into a 2 × 2 × 2 within-subject design. The first variable was the duration time of the target character, consisting of 2 levels: 24 ms and 200 ms; the second variable was the material category, consisting of 2 levels: intuitive material and analytic material; and the third variable was the inclusion relation, consisting of 2 levels: inclusion and exclusion. The inclusion condition meant that the target character was a component of the original character, whereas the exclusion condition denoted that the target character was not a component of the original character.

The results indicated that participants showed a lower rate of accuracy and a longer response time on analytic materials than on intuitive ones. However, no difference was observed between the two types of materials in terms of response time and accuracy when the duration time of the target character was 24 ms, and the inclusion relation was inclusion. Meanwhile, the accuracy scores of intuitive and analytic processing were approximately 0.5 at the guessing level. Signal detection analysis showed that the results under the unconsciousness condition were not influenced by the response bias.

The results proved that intuitive processing was rapid and analytic processing was slow. As predicted, intuitive processing positively affects the problem solving process. In addition, the experiment showed that intuitive processing was effortful and relied on cognitive resources, which was inconsistent with prototypical dual-process theories. Therefore, the positive effect would disappear when the cognitive resources were below demand.

Key words: level of consciousness, cognitive resource, intuitive processing, analytic processing.

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