ISSN 0439-755X
CN 11-1911/B
主办:中国心理学会
   中国科学院心理研究所
出版:科学出版社

心理学报 ›› 2013, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (11): 1200-1216.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1041.2013.01200

• 论文 • 上一篇    下一篇

汉语讲话者的时间隐喻的视觉-运动通道效应

宋宜琪;张积家;许峥烨   

  1. (1华南师范大学心理应用研究中心, 广州 510631) (2中国人民大学心理学系, 北京 100873)
  • 收稿日期:2012-08-31 发布日期:2013-11-25 出版日期:2013-11-25
  • 通讯作者: 张积家
  • 基金资助:

    华南师范大学研究生科研创新基金资助。

Modality Effect of Orientation Derived from Mandarin Speakers Processing Time Series: Visual Attention versus Motor Response

SONG Yiqi;ZHANG Jijia;XU Zhengye   

  1. (1 Center for Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China) (2 Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100873, China)
  • Received:2012-08-31 Online:2013-11-25 Published:2013-11-25
  • Contact: ZHANG Jijia

摘要:

采用空间Stroop任务, 通过4个实验, 考察汉语讲话者的时间隐喻在视觉通道中和运动通道中的差异。实验1以红色方块的呈现位置作为空间启动刺激, 证明水平方向和竖直方向的空间一致性效应在视觉通道中和运动通道中不存在显著差异。实验2发现, 汉语讲话者在视觉通道中和运动通道中均存在水平方向的时间隐喻, 加工时间序列靠前(后)的词会加速对呈现在屏幕左边(右边)的箭头的识别, 亦会加快对朝向左边(右边)的箭头的按键反应。实验3发现, 汉语讲话者在视觉通道中存在完整的竖直方向的时间隐喻, 而在运动通道中的竖直方向的时间隐喻则不完整。实验4发现, 将水平方向和竖直方向的探测任务结合在一起后, 在运动通道中原本不完整的竖直方向的时间隐喻消失了。整个研究表明, 时间概念加工所激活的空间概念仍然具有知觉属性, 支持知觉符号理论的假设。

关键词: 时间隐喻, 知觉符号理论, 命题符号理论, 时空一致性效应

Abstract:

It has been demonstrated that the spatial representation of time is psychologically real, and the experience responsible for the formation of the "Time is Space" conceptual metaphor is associated with reading/writing directionality. Perceptual symbol theory assures that the spatial mapping of time derived from reading/writing is perceptual. That is to say, the temporal-spatial metaphor is grounded on modality- specific systems. Previous studies have shown that facilitation for the association of past with left and future with right was found only in the visual and motor modality, while none in the auditory modality. The difference of time metaphor between the visual and motor modality remains largely unexplored. In this study, three experiments were conducted to compare the spatial mapping of time between the visual and motor modality. In each experiment, a spatial Stroop task was carried out. Time series, which were displayed on the middle of the screen, were used as clues. Arrows, as targets, were displayed on the left, right, top or bottom of the screen, pointing to four directions. Arrow location and pointing direction were completely orthogonal to temporal reference. The participants were asked to indicate the direction to which the arrow pointed. Experiment 1 used a square as clues to explore whether the horizontal and vertical facilitation effects were modality-specific. The results proved that the horizontal and vertical facilitation effects existed in the visual and motor modality. Experiment 2 explored the difference of horizontal time metaphor between the visual and motor modality by Mandarin Speakers. A 2×2×2 repeated measure design was adopted with independent variables of temporal reference (before/after), target location (left /right) and response side (left / right).The results showed horizontal metaphoric representation of time was observed both at the visual and motor level of Mandarin Speakers. Processing time series affected the orienting of visual attention and the activation of motor responses. Participants were faster both to identify targets and to respond to the left when the cue was a word in a forward position of time series, and the opposite was true when the cue was a word in a afterward position of time series. Experiment 3 adopted the same task as Experiment 2, except changing target location and response side into top/ bottom. Experiment 3 observed the same facilitation effect in the visual modality as Experiment 2. But facilitation effect in the motor modality was not complete. Participants were faster to respond to the top only when the cue was a word in a forward position of time series. Processing words in a forward position of time series could not accelerate the response to the bottom. Experiment 4 increased the number of target location and response side. A 2×4×4 repeated measure design was adopted with independent variables of temporal reference (before/after), target location (left /right/top/bottom) and response side (left /right/top/bottom). Results showed facilitation effect of vertical direction in the motor modality which was not complete in Experiment 3 totally disappeared. It indicated that vertical metaphoric representation of time in the visual modality was stronger than the one in the motor modality. The explanation could be that Mandarin speakers' former top-down reading/writing directionality has been changed into "from left to right". The vertical sensori-motor experience from the visual and motor modality were unequal, which led to the incomplete time metaphor in the motor modality. In a word, Spatial information activated when processing time series was perceptual, which was different from the one activated by the spatial clue. In different modalities, time metaphor was different.

Key words: time metaphor, perceptual symbol systems, propositional symbol system, temporal-spatial congruency effects