Corporate social responsibility and employee performance: A meta-analysis

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1042.2018.01152

Abstract

Abstract:

Despite the recent proliferation of research on the relationship between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and employee performance, the results is still inconsistent. Based on a review of 35 empirical studies, a meta-analysis was conducted to examine the relationship between CSR and employee performance by using 140 effect sizes from 11690 participants. Overall, the results show that CSR manifested a moderate and positive correlation with employee performance (r = 0.38) in general, task performance (r = 0.45) and contextual performance (r = 0.37). Uncertainty avoidance and individualistic tendency did not make any significant differences in the relationship between CSR and employee performance. While industry characteristics and economic level make significant differences: the relationship is stronger in rich areas than in poor areas, and for manufacturing industry than for service ones.

Key words: corporate social responsibility, employee performance, meta-analysis, moderating effect

CLC Number:

LIU Jun, QIN Chuanyan. Corporate social responsibility and employee performance: A meta-analysis[J]. Advances in Psychological Science, 2018, 26(7): 1152-1164.

Figures/Tables 4

References 89

1	* 晁罡, 程鹏, 张水英 . ( 2012). 基于员工视角的企业社会责任对工作投入影响的实证研究. 管理学报, 9( 6), 831-836.
2	邓泽宏, 何应龙 . ( 2013). 企业社会责任差异与提升: 区域分类比较的视角. 天津社会科学, ( 5), 97-100.
3	韩翼, 廖建桥 . ( 2006). 组织成员绩效结构理论研究述评. 管理科学学报, 9( 2), 86-94. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1007-9807.2006.02.011 URL
4	* 何显富, 陈宇, 张微微 . ( 2011). 企业履行对员工的社会责任影响员工组织公民行为的实证研究——基于社会交换理论的分析. 社会科学研究, ( 5), 115-119. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-4769.2011.05.023 URL
5	胡海军, 翁清雄, 曹威麟 . ( 2015). 基于元分析的魅力型领导与组织绩效的关系研究. 管理学报, 12( 2), 223-230. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-884x.2015.02.008 URL
6	* 黄洁, 王晓静 . ( 2016). 企业员工社会责任对组织公民行为的影响研究——基于心理契约的中介作用. 山东社会科学, ( 2), 179-183.
7	* 惠善成 . ( 2015). 企业社会责任对员工工作绩效的影响——基于员工感知视角的研究(硕士学位论文). 大连理工大学.
8	霍中文 . ( 2007). “社会倾销”理论与反倾销. 国际经贸探索, 23( 7), 57-61. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-0594.2007.07.012 URL
9	* 姜友文, 张爱卿 . ( 2015). 企业履行社会责任对员工心理状态及工作敬业度的影响. 云南社会科学, ( 4), 77-82.
10	李丽林, 鲍晓鸣 . ( 2012). 高绩效工作系统与雇员工作满意度的关系研究 ——基于Meta分析的探讨. 中国人力资源开发, ( 8), 10-14.
11	李祥进, 杨东宁, 雷明 . ( 2012). 企业社会责任行为对员工工作绩效影响的跨层分析. 经济科学, ( 5), 104-118.
12	* 梁思娴 . ( 2015). 员工感知的企业对员工的社会责任与员工绩效的关系研究(硕士学位论文). 华南理工大学, 广州.
13	刘勇 . ( 2016). 企业社会责任与财务绩效关系的元分析研究——基于我国2011~2015年实证文献的数据(硕士学位论文). 西南大学, 重庆.
14	* 刘远, 周祖城 . ( 2015). 员工感知的企业社会责任、情感承诺与组织公民行为的关系——承诺型人力资源实践的跨层调节作用. 管理评论, 27( 10), 118-127.
15	* 刘云 . ( 2014). 企业社会责任对员工角色外行为的影响机制. 商业经济与管理, ( 8), 37-47. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2154.2014.08.004 URL
16	* 刘宗华, 李燕萍, 郑馨怡 . ( 2017). 企业社会责任、员工-企业认同和员工绩效的关系. 浙江工商大学学报, ( 1), 103-113. doi: 10.14134/j.cnki.cn33-1337/c.2017.01.015 URL
17	* 彭囝囡 . ( 2013). 员工感知的企业社会责任与工作绩效关系的研究(硕士学位论文). 新疆财经大学, 乌鲁木齐.
18	* 任湘郴, 杨立邦, 任腾 . ( 2017). 企业社会责任对员工工作绩效的跨层次作用研究——基于组织认同感的中介作用. 湖南社会科学, ( 4), 61-66.
19	* 孙海涛 . ( 2013). 企业社会责任、员工忠诚与工作绩效关系研究——基于知识型员工的视角(硕士学位论文). 重庆理工大学.
20	* 王健辉, 李永壮 . ( 2014). 企业社会责任、企业品牌内化特征对员工组织公民行为的作用研究——来自服务行业的实证分析. 宏观经济研究, ( 9), 90-102.
21	王洁, 陈健芷, 杨琳, 高爽 . ( 2013). 感觉寻求与网络成瘾关系的元分析. 心理科学进展, 21( 10), 1720-1730.
22	* 王文彬, 李辉 . ( 2013). 企业社会责任对员工角色外行为的影响——兼论员工感知公平的调节效应. 中国流通经济, 27( 10), 79-86. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-8266.2013.10.015 URL
23	吴华明 . ( 2010). 企业社会责任作用于我国的新态势及其对我国民营企业出口的负面影响. 合肥工业大学学报(社会科学版), 24( 3), 24-30. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-3634.2010.03.006 URL
24	向阳, 曹勇, 汪凤桂 . ( 2010). 基于消费者认知度的企业社会责任行业差异性研究. 管理学报, 7( 2), 311-316.
25	辛杰, 吴创 . ( 2015). 企业家文化价值观对企业社会责任的影响机制研究. 中南财经政法大学学报, ( 1), 105-115.
26	* 熊国保 . ( 2015 a). 旅游企业社会责任对员工绩效的影响——以关系质量和工作投入为中介作用. 江西社会科学, ( 1), 199-204.
27	熊国保 . ( 2015 b). 企业社会责任驱动员工绩效提升的机制研究. 学术界, ( 2), 193-199.
28	徐二明, 衣凤鹏 . ( 2014). 中国上市公司企业社会责任与财务绩效关系——行业竞争的调节作用. 辽宁大学学报(哲学社会科学版), 42( 1), 91-98.
29	* 颜爱民, 李歌 . ( 2016). 企业社会责任对员工行为的跨层分析——外部荣誉感和组织支持感的中介作用. 管理评论, 28( 1), 121-129.
30	* 闫丽丽 . ( 2013). 企业社会责任对员工绩效的影响——基于员工的实证研究(硕士学位论文). 大连理工大学.
31	杨璠 . ( 2015). 行业竞争度、制度环境与企业社会责任履行(硕士学位论文). 浙江工商大学, 杭州.
32	* 杨慧慧 . ( 2015). 企业社会责任、组织承诺与员工绩效的关系研究 (硕士学位论文). 大连理工大学.
33	殷凤 . ( 2011). 中国制造业与服务业双向溢出效应的实证分析. 上海大学学报(社会科学版), 18( 1), 91-101. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-6522.2011.01.007 URL
34	尹珏林 . ( 2010). 企业社会责任前置因素及其作用机制研究(博士学位论文). 南开大学, 天津.
35	* 张倩, 何姝霖, 时小贺 . ( 2014). 企业社会责任对员工态度和绩效的影响探析. 现代管理科学, ( 9), 108-110. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-368X.2014.09.036 URL
36	张水英 . ( 2011). 基于员工视角的企业社会责任对其工作投入影响的实证研究(硕士学位论文). 华南理工大学, 广州.
37	* 周迎波, 冯国忠, 吴方 . ( 2016). 制药企业社会责任、员工组织承诺、员工绩效之间的关系实证研究. 中国药房, 27( 36), 5045-5049. doi: 10.6039/j.issn.1001-0408.2016.36.02 URL
38	* Abane, S . ( 2016). Employee perceptions of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and organisational citizenship behaviours (OCB): A comparative Ghanaian study (Unpublished master’s thesis). University of Ghana.
39	* Abdullah, M. H., & Rashid N. R. N. A, . ( 2012). The implementation of corporate social responsibility (CSR) programs and its impact on employee organizational citizenship behavior. International Journal of Business & Commerce, 2( 1), 67-75.
40	* Ahmad, I, . ( 2014). Impact of CSR on dimensions of job performance with mediating effect of overall justice perception. European Journal of Business & Management, 6( 20), 94-108.
41	Allworth, E., & Hesketh B. , ( 1997). Adaptive performance: Updating the criterion to cope with change. Paper Presented at the 2nd Australian Industrial and Organizational Psychology Conference, Melbourne.
42	Aupperle K. E., Carroll A. B., & Hatfield J. D . ( 1985). An empirical examination of the relationship between corporate social responsibility and profitability. Academy of Management Journal, 28( 2), 446-463. doi: 10.2307/256210 URL
43	Basu, K., & Palazzo G. , ( 2008). Corporate social responsibility: A process model of sensemaking. Academy of Management Review, 33( 1), 122-136. doi: 10.5465/amr.2008.27745504 URL
44	Borman, W. C., & Motowidlo S. J, . ( 1993). Expanding the criterion domain to include elements of contextual performance. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
45	Bowen, H. R . ( 1953). Social responsibilities of the businessman. New York: Harpor & Row.
46	Brammer S., Millington A., & Rayton B . ( 2007). The contribution of corporate social responsibility to organizational commitment. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 18( 10), 1701-1719. doi: 10.1080/09585190701570866 URL
47	Campbell J. P., McCloy R. A., Oppler S. H., & Sager C. E . ( 1993). A theory of performance. In N. Schmitt & W. C. Borman (Eds.), Personnel selection in organizations. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
48	Carroll, A. B . ( 1979). A three-dimensional conceptual model of corporate performance. Academy of Management Review, 4( 4), 497-505. doi: 10.2307/257850 URL
49	Cohen, J . ( 1977). Statistical power analysis for behavioral sciences (Rev. ed.). New York: Academic.
50	Davis, K. P., & Blomstrom R. L, . ( 1975). Business and society: Environment and responsibility. New York: McGraw-Hill.
51	* Edwards, M. R., & Kudret S. , ( 2017). Multi-foci CSR perceptions, procedural justice and in-role employee performance: The mediating role of commitment and pride. Human Resource Management Journal, 27( 1), 169-188. doi: 10.1111/1748-8583.12140 URL
52	Eells, R. S. F., & Walton C. C, . ( 1961). Conceptual foundations of business: An outline of the major ideas sustaining business enterprise in the western world. American Sociological Review, 27( 2), 271. doi: 10.2307/2089702 URL
53	Evans W. R., Davis W. D., & Frink D. D . ( 2011). An examination of employee reactions to perceived corporate citizenship. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 41( 4), 938-964. doi: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2011.00742.x URL
54	* Fairlie, P., & Svergun O ., ( 2015). The interrelated roles of CSR and stress in predicting employee outcomes. Paper presented at the International Conference on Occupational Stress and Health, Atlanta, USA.
55	Glavas, A., & Kelley K. , ( 2014). The effects of perceived corporate social responsibility on employee attitudes. Business Ethics Quarterly, 24( 2), 165-202. doi: 10.5840/beq20143206 URL
56	Glavas, A., & Piderit S. K, . ( 2009). How does doing good matter? Effects of corporate citizenship on employees. Journal of Corporate Citizenship, 2009( 36), 51-70. doi: 10.9774/GLEAF.4700.2009.wi.00007 URL
57	Godfrey P. C., Merrill C. B., & Hansen J. M . ( 2009). The relationship between corporate social responsibility and shareholder value: An empirical test of the risk management hypothesis. Strategic Management Journal, 30( 4), 425-445. doi: 10.1002/smj.750 URL
58	* Hanif, F . ( 2015). Corporate social responsibility (CSR) and perceived employee outcome: The mediating role of HR practices. Social Science Electronic Publishing, 1-35.
59	Hansen S. D., Dunford B. B., Boss A. D., Boss R. W., & Angermeier I . ( 2011). Corporate social responsibility and the benefits of employee trust: A cross-disciplinary perspective. Journal of Business Ethics, 102( 1), 29-45. doi: 10.1007/s10551-011-0903-0 URL
60	Hawkins, J. D., & Sloma D. , ( 1978). Recognizing the organizational context. Administration in Social Work, 2( 3), 283-294.
61	Higgins J. P. T., Thompson S. G., Deeks J. J., & Altman D. G . ( 2003). Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ, 327( 7414), 557-560. doi: 10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557 URL pmid: 12958120
62	* Ho, A. T. S . ( 2012). The impact of perceived CSR on employee performance and turnover intention: An examination of the mediating effects of organizational justice and organization-based self-esteem (Unpublished master’s thesis). Singapore Management University.
63	Hofstede, G . ( 2003). Culture's consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions and organizations across nations (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications Inc.
64	* Hur W. M., Moon T. W., & Ko S. H . ( 2016). How employees’ perceptions of CSR increase employee creativity: Mediating mechanisms of compassion at work intrinsic motivation. Journal of Business Ethics, 1-16. doi: 10.1007/s10551-016-3321-5 URL
65	Kim H. R., Lee M., Lee H. T., & Kim N.-M . ( 2010). Corporate social responsibility and employee-company identification. Journal of Business Ethics, 95( 4), 557-569.
66	* Korschun D., Bhattacharya C. B., & Swain S. D . ( 2014). Corporate social responsibility, customer orientation, and the job performance of frontline employees. Journal of Marketing, 78( 3), 20-37. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.1856475 URL
67	* Kroh, J . ( 2014). Corporate social responsibility: How internal and external CSR perceptions influence employee outcomes. A work project for the award of a master degree in Nova School of Business and Economics, Lisbon, Portugal.
68	Lin, C. P . ( 2010). Modeling corporate citizenship, organizational trust, and work engagement based on attachment theory. Journal of Business Ethics, 94( 4), 517-531. doi: 10.1007/s10551-009-0279-6 URL
69	Lipsey, M. W., & Wilson D. B, . ( 2001). Practical meta-analysis. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications Inc.
70	Maignan I., Ferrell O. C., & Hult, G. T. M . ( 1999). Corporate citizenship: Cultural antecedents and business benefits. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 27( 4), 455-469. doi: 10.1177/0092070399274005 URL
71	Margolis, J. D., & Walsh J. P, . ( 2003). Misery loves companies: Rethinking social initiatives by business. Administrative Science Quarterly, 48( 2), 268-305. doi: 10.2307/3556659 URL
72	Moskowitz, M . ( 1972). Choosing socially responsible stocks. Business and Society Review, 1( 1), 71-75.
73	Mueller K., Hattrup K., Spiess S. O., & Lin-Hi N . ( 2012). The effects of corporate social responsibility on employees' affective commitment: A cross-cultural investigation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97( 6), 1186-1200. doi: 10.1037/a0030204 URL pmid: 23067337
74	* Musa, U. A., & Rahman A. A, . ( 2015). Employee perception of CSR activities, job attachment and organizational commitment. Pertanika Journal of Social Science & Humanities, 23, 1-6.
75	* Newman A., Nielsen I., & Miao Q . ( 2015). The impact of employee perceptions of organizational corporate social responsibility practices on job performance and organizational citizenship behavior: Evidence from the Chinese private Sector. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 26( 9), 1226-1242. doi: 10.1080/09585192.2014.934892 URL
76	* Ouyang, Y . ( 2011). An exploration of LMX and personal guanxi on job performance: The mediating effects of CSR. Journal of Global Business Issues, 5( 1), 1-10.
77	Pigott, T. D . ( 2006). Methods of meta-analysis: Correcting error and bias in research findings. Evaluation & Program Planning, 29( 3), 236-237. doi: 10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2006.06.002 URL
78	Riordan C. M., Gatewood R. D., & Bill J. B . ( 1997). Corporate image: Employee reactions and implications for managing corporate social performance. Journal of Business Ethics, 16( 4), 401-412. doi: 10.1023/A:1017989205184 URL
79	Rosenthal, R . ( 1979). The file drawer problem and tolerance for null results. Psychological Bulletin, 86( 3), 638-641. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.86.3.638 URL
80	Rupp D. E., Shao R., Thornton M. A., & Skarlicki D. P . ( 2013). Applicants’ and employees’ reactions to corporate social responsibility: The moderating effects of first-party justice perceptions and moral identity. Personnel Psychology, 66( 4), 895-933. doi: 10.1111/peps.12030 URL
81	Shen, J., & Benson J. , ( 2016). When CSR is a social norm: How socially responsible human resource management affects employee work behavior. Journal of Management, 42( 6), 1723-1746. doi: 10.1177/0149206314522300 URL
82	* Tariq, M. H . ( 2015). Effect of CSR on employee engagement. Indian Journal of Science & Technology, 8( S4), 301-306. doi: 10.17485/ijst/2015/v8iS4/64700 URL
83	Tsui A. S., Pearce J. L., Porter L. W., & Tripoli A. M . ( 1997). Alternative approaches to the employee-organization relationship: Does investment in employees pay off? Academy of Management Journal, 40( 5), 1089-1121. doi: 10.2307/256928 URL
84	Tsui A. S., Zhang Z. X., Wang H., Xin K. R., & Wu J. B . ( 2006). Unpacking the relationship between CEO leadership behavior and organizational culture. The Leadership Quarterly, 17( 2), 113-137. doi: 10.1016/j.leaqua.2005.12.001 URL
85	Turker, D . ( 2009). How corporate social responsibility influences organizational commitment.[J] ournal of Business Ethics, 89( 2), 189-204. doi: 10.1007/s10551-008-9993-8 URL
86	van Scotter, J. R., & Motowidlo S. J, . ( 1996). Interpersonal facilitation and job dedication as separate facets of contextual performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81( 5), 525-531. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.81.5.525 URL
87	* Vinerean S., Cetină I., Dumitrescu L., & Tichindelean M . ( 2013). Modelling employee engagement in relation to CSR practices and employee satisfaction. Revista Economica, 65( 1), 21-37.
88	Welbourne T. M., Johnson D. E., & Erez A . ( 1998). The role-based performance scale: Validity analysis of a theory- based measure. Academy of Management Journal, 41( 5), 540-555. doi: 10.2307/256941 URL
89	Williams, L. J., & Anderson S. E, . ( 1991). Job satisfaction and organizational commitment as predictors of organizational citizenship and in-role behaviors. Journal of Management, 17( 3), 601-617. doi: 10.1177/014920639101700305 URL

变量	K	n	r_z	SE	95% CI	Q_w	N
CSR→员工绩效	27	7496	0.38	0.01	0.38~0.43	673.84	78
员工责任→员工绩效	8	1612	0.46	0.02	0.45~0.55	214.38	29
顾客责任→员工绩效	5	1027	0.45	0.03	0.42~0.54	30.56	17
CSR→任务绩效	3	450	0.45	0.04	0.33~0.52	36.87	10
CSR→关系绩效	6	1258	0.37	0.02	0.33~0.44	59.41	16

变量	K	n	r_z	SE	95% CI	Q_w	N
CSR→员工绩效	27	7496	0.38	0.01	0.38~0.43	673.84	78
员工责任→员工绩效	8	1612	0.46	0.02	0.45~0.55	214.38	29
顾客责任→员工绩效	5	1027	0.45	0.03	0.42~0.54	30.56	17
CSR→任务绩效	3	450	0.45	0.04	0.33~0.52	36.87	10
CSR→关系绩效	6	1258	0.37	0.02	0.33~0.44	59.41	16

变量	K	n	r_z	SE	95% CI	Q_w	N
员工责任→任务绩效	8	1863	0.38	0.02	0.35~0.44	144.62	22
员工责任→关系绩效	12	3608	0.41	0.01	0.41~0.47	363.97	38
顾客责任→任务绩效	7	1625	0.38	0.02	0.35~0.45	116.59	20
顾客责任→关系绩效	12	3900	0.41	0.01	0.40~0.47	200.12	37
政府责任→关系绩效	7	3493	0.33	0.01	0.31~0.38	32.22	16
公共责任→关系绩效	6	2389	0.45	0.02	0.44~0.52	42.35	21

变量	K	n	r_z	SE	95% CI	Q_w	N
员工责任→任务绩效	8	1863	0.38	0.02	0.35~0.44	144.62	22
员工责任→关系绩效	12	3608	0.41	0.01	0.41~0.47	363.97	38
顾客责任→任务绩效	7	1625	0.38	0.02	0.35~0.45	116.59	20
顾客责任→关系绩效	12	3900	0.41	0.01	0.40~0.47	200.12	37
政府责任→关系绩效	7	3493	0.33	0.01	0.31~0.38	32.22	16
公共责任→关系绩效	6	2389	0.45	0.02	0.44~0.52	42.35	21

变量	K	n	r_z	SE	95% CI	Q_w	N	Q_b(df)	p
不确定性规避低	17	5217	0.39	0.01	0.38~0.44	619.44	49	2.33(1)	p>0.05
不确定性规避高	9	1525	0.43	0.02	0.40~0.51	144.40	29	2.33(1)	p>0.05
个人主义倾向低	19	6382	0.36	0.01	0.35~0.40	374.56	50	0.39(1)	p>0.05
个人主义倾向高	6	824	0.38	0.03	0.33~0.47	112.66	17	0.39(1)	p>0.05
服务业	11	3393	0.38	0.01	0.37~0.43	396.04	31	11.80(1)	p<0.025
制造业	6	2084	0.46	0.02	0.45~0.54	24.75	21	11.80(1)	p<0.025
经济水平低	15	4869	0.39	0.01	0.39~0.44	295.01	42	8.03(1)	p<0.025
经济水平高	7	1736	0.46	0.02	0.45~0.54	135.26	25	8.03(1)	p<0.025