个人主义上升, 集体主义式微?——全球文化变迁与民众心理变化

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1042.2018.02068

心理科学进展 ›› 2018, Vol. 26 ›› Issue (11): 2068-2080.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2018.02068

个人主义上升, 集体主义式微?——全球文化变迁与民众心理变化

黄梓航¹^,²^,³, 敬一鸣¹^,²^,³, 喻丰⁴, 古若雷¹^,²^,³, 周欣悦⁵, 张建新³^,⁶, 蔡华俭¹^,²^,³()

1 中国科学院心理研究所行为科学重点实验室, 北京 100101
2 中国科学院心理研究所人格与社会心理研究中心, 北京 100101
3 中国科学院大学, 北京 100049
4 西安交通大学人文社会科学学院, 西安 710049
5 浙江大学管理学院市场营销系, 杭州 310058
6 中国科学院心理研究所心理健康重点实验室, 北京 100101

收稿日期:2017-12-05 出版日期:2018-11-15 发布日期:2018-09-26
通讯作者: 蔡华俭 E-mail:caihj@psych.ac.cn
基金资助:
* 本文系2017年度国家社会科学基金重大招标项目(17ZDA324);“中国社会变迁过程中的文化与心理变化”的阶段性成果(17ZDA324)

Increasing individualism and decreasing collectivism? Cultural and psychological change around the globe

HUANG Zihang¹^,²^,³, JING Yiming¹^,²^,³, YU Feng⁴, GU Ruolei¹^,²^,³, ZHOU Xinyue⁵, ZHANG Jianxin³^,⁶, CAI Huajian¹^,²^,³()

1 Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
2 Center for Personality and Social Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
3 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
4 School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China;
5 Department of Marketing, School of Management, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
6 Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China

Received:2017-12-05 Online:2018-11-15 Published:2018-09-26
Contact: Huajian CAI E-mail:caihj@psych.ac.cn

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

近几十年来, 伴随着全球范围内的经济/社会大发展, 人类社会的文化与民众心理也发生了相应的改变, 其基本趋势是个人主义正日益流行, 传统的集体主义则相对式微。这种变化不仅表现在宏观的社会和文化层面, 也体现在微观的心理与行为层面。本文从文化心理学的角度, 对反映这一趋势的大量实证研究进行了分门别类的整理与介绍, 涉及的领域分别包括社会层面的社会统计指标, 以及心理层面的人称代词使用偏好、命名行为、价值取向、人格特征、性和宗教态度、儿童教养与发展模式、认知方式、情绪体验等。除了一般趋势外, 研究也显示文化变迁和心理变化有其复杂性, 个人主义增强、集体主义衰弱并不是一个必然的、线性的过程; 传统文化的集体主义价值在一定程度上具有延续性, 多元文化共存已成为当前人类社会发展的显著特色。最后, 针对当前文化变迁心理研究的不足, 本文建议未来研究应当更多采用追踪和实验设计、拓展现有研究的领域和范围、深入揭示文化变迁的行为/神经机制以及更多关注变迁过程中的心理适应与应对问题。

关键词: 文化变迁, 文化心理学, 个人主义, 集体主义

Abstract:

In this article, we reviewed the large body of research examining the impacts of social change on human psychology and culture. Our review revealed an increasing trend of individualism and, at the meantime, decreasing collectivism. This trend manifests on various societal and individual-level indicators, including relationship structures, first-person pronouns use, naming practices, value preferences, personality, sexual and religious attitudes, child-rearing goals and child development, cognitive styles and emotional experiences. Our review also demonstrated the complexities of cultural and psychological change, including the non-linearity of the change, endurance of traditional culture and emerging multi-cultural society. At the end, we pointed out some limitations of the existing research and highlighted some possible directions of future research.

Key words: social change, culture, cultural change, individualism, collectivism

中图分类号:

B849: C91

黄梓航, 敬一鸣, 喻丰, 古若雷, 周欣悦, 张建新, 蔡华俭. (2018). 个人主义上升, 集体主义式微?——全球文化变迁与民众心理变化. 心理科学进展 , 26(11), 2068-2080.

Zihang HUANG, Yiming JING, Feng YU, Ruolei GU, Xinyue ZHOU, Jianxin ZHANG, Huajian CAI. (2018). Increasing individualism and decreasing collectivism? Cultural and psychological change around the globe. Advances in Psychological Science, 26(11), 2068-2080.

参考文献

[1]	王爱平, 周黎明, 张厚粲 . ( 2016). 中国儿童智力测验的弗林效应及其影响因素. 中国考试, 5, 3-11.
[2]	辛自强, 池丽萍 . ( 2008). 社会变迁中的青少年. 北京: 北京师范大学出版社.
[3]	辛自强, 张梅, 何琳 . ( 2012). 大学生心理健康变迁的横断历史研究. 心理学报, 44( 5), 664-679.
[4]	杨国枢, 余安邦, 叶明华 . ( 1991). 中国人的个人传统性与现代性: 概念与测量. 见杨国枢, 黄光国(编), 中国人的心理与行为 ( pp. 241-306). 台北: 桂冠图书公司.
[5]	Beach, K.( 1995). Activity as a mediator of sociocultural change and individual development: The case of school- work transition in Nepal. Mind, Culture, and Activity, 2( 4), 285-302.
[6]	Bernardo, A. B. I., Rosenthal, L., & Levy, S. R. ( 2013). Polyculturalism and attitudes towards people from other countries. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 37( 3), 335-344.
[7]	Bettinger, R. L., Barton, L., Richerson, P. J., Boyd, R., Wang, H., & Choi, W. ( 2007). The transition to agriculture in northwestern China. Developments in Quaternary Sciences, 9, 83-101.
[8]	Bianchi, E.C. ( 2014). Entering adulthood in a recession tempers later narcissism. Psychological Science, 25( 7), 1429-1437.
[9]	Boyd, R., Richerson, P. J., & Henrich, J. ( 2011). Rapid cultural adaptation can facilitate the evolution of large- scale cooperation. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 65( 3), 431-444.
[10]	Brown, R. P., Budzek, K., & Tamborski, M. ( 2009). On the meaning and measure of narcissism. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 35( 7), 951-964.
[11]	Cai, H. J., Huang, Z. H., & Jing, Y. M (in press). Living in a changing world: The change of culture and psychology. In D. Matsumoto & H. C. Hwang (Eds.), Oxford handbook of culture and psychology (2nd edition). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
[12]	Cai, H. J., Kwan, V. S. Y., & Sedikides, C. ( 2012). A sociocultural approach to narcissism: the case of modern china. European Journal of Personality, 26( 5), 529-535.
[13]	Cai, H. J., Zou, X., Feng, Y., Liu, Y. Z., & Jing, Y. M .( 2018). Increasing need for uniqueness in contemporary China: Empirical evidence. Frontiers in Psychology. 9, 554.
[14]	Caudill, W.( 1973). The influence of social structure and culture on human behavior in modern Japan. Ethos, 1( 3), 343-382.
[15]	Chen, X. Y., Cen, G. Z., Li, D., & He, Y. ( 2005). Social functioning and adjustment in Chinese children: The imprint of historical time. Child Development, 76( 1), 182-195.
[16]	Chiu, C.Y., & Cheng, S. Y.Y . ( 2007). Toward a social psychology of culture and globalization: Some social cognitive consequences of activating two cultures simultaneously. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 1( 1), 84-100.
[17]	Chiu, C. Y., Kwan, Y. Y., Li, D., Peng, L., & Peng, S. ( 2014). Culture and consumer behavior. Foundations and Trends in Marketing, 7( 2), 109-179.
[18]	Deci, E.L., & Ryan, R.M . ( 2000). The "what" and "why" of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11( 4), 227-268.
[19]	DeWall, C. N., Pond, R. S., Campbell, Jr., W., K., & Twenge, J. M. ( 2011). Tuning in to psychological change: Linguistic markers of psychological traits and emotions over time in popular U.S. song lyrics. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 5( 3), 200-207.
[20]	Elder Jr, G. H.( 1974). Children of the Great Depression:Social change in life experience. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
[21]	Falomir-Pichastor, J. M., Staerklé, C., Depuiset, M. A., & Butera, F. ( 2005). Democracy justifies the means: Political group structure moderates the perceived legitimacy of intergroup aggression. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31( 12), 1683-1695.
[22]	Fincher, C.L., & Thornhill, R.( 2008a). Assortative sociality, limited dispersal, infectious disease and the genesis of the global pattern of religion diversity. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 275( 1651), 2587-2594.
[23]	Fincher, C.L., & Thornhill, R.( 2008b). A parasite‐driven wedge: infectious diseases may explain language and other biodiversity. Oikos, 117( 9), 1289-1297.
[24]	Fincher, C.L., & Thornhill, R.( 2012). Parasite-stress promotes in-group assortative sociality: The cases of strong family ties and heightened religiosity. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 35( 2), 61-79.
[25]	Flanagan, S.C. ( 1979). Value change and partisan change in Japan: The silent revolution revisited. Comparative Politics, 11( 3), 253-278.
[26]	Fu, H. Y., Zhang, Z. X., Li, F., & Leung, Y. K. ( 2016). Opening the mind: Effect of culture mixing on acceptance of organizational change. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 47( 10), 1361-1372.
[27]	Gao, W. J., Qiu, L., Chiu, C. Y., & Yang, Y. Y. ( 2015). Diffusion of opinions in a complex culture system: Implications for emergence of descriptive norms. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 46( 10), 1252-1259.
[28]	García, C., Rivera, N., & Greenfield, P. M. ( 2015). The decline of cooperation, the rise of competition: Developmental effects of long-term social change in Mexico. International Journal of Psychology, 50( 1), 6-11.
[29]	Gauvain, M., & Munroe, R.L. ( 2009). Contributions of societal modernity to cognitive development: A comparison of four cultures. Child Development, 80( 6), 1628-1642.
[30]	Gelfand, M. J., Nishii, L. H., & Raver, J. L. ( 2006). On the nature and importance of cultural tightness-looseness. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91( 6), 1225-1244.
[31]	Greenfield, P.M. ( 2009). Linking social change and developmental change: Shifting pathways of human development. Developmental Psychology, 45( 2), 401-418.
[32]	Greenfield, P.M. ( 2013). The Changing Psychology of Culture From 1800 Through 2000. Psychological Science, 24( 9), 1722-1731.
[33]	Greenfield, P.M., & Quiroz, B.( 2013). Context and culture in the socialization and development of personal achievement values: Comparing Latino immigrant families, European American families, and elementary school teachers. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 34( 2), 108-118.
[34]	Greenfield, P. M., Maynard, A. E., & Childs, C. P. ( 2003). Historical change, cultural learning, and cognitive representation in Zinacantec Maya children. Cognitive Development, 18( 4), 455-487.
[35]	Grossmann, I., & Na, J.( 2014). Research in culture and psychology: Past lessons and future challenges. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science, 5( 1), 1-14.
[36]	Grossmann, I., & Varnum, M. E.W. ( 2015). Social structure, infectious diseases, disasters, secularism, and cultural change in America. Psychological Science, 26( 3), 311-324.
[37]	Hamamura, T.( 2012). Are cultures becoming individualistic? A cross-temporal comparison of individualism- collectivism in the United States and Japan. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 16( 3), 3-24.
[38]	Hamamura, T., & Park, J.H. ( 2010). Regional differences in pathogen prevalence and defensive reactions to the "swine flu" outbreak among East Asians and Westerners. Evolutionary Psychology, 8( 3), 506-515.
[39]	Hamamura, T., & Septarini, B.G. ( 2017). Culture and self-esteem over time: A cross-temporal meta-analysis among Australians, 1978-2014. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 8( 8), 904-909.
[40]	Hao, J., Li, D. M., Peng, L. L., & Torelli, C. J. ( 2016). Advancing our understanding of culture mixing. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 47( 10), 1257-1267.
[41]	Hitokoto, H., & Uchida, Y.( 2015). Interdependent happiness: Theoretical importance and measurement validity. Journal of Happiness Studies, 16( 1), 211-239.
[42]	Hofstede, G.( 1980). Motivation, leadership, and organization: Do American theories apply abroad? Organizational Dynamics, 9( 1), 42-63.
[43]	Huang Z., H., Feng, Y., & Cai H., J., ( 2018). Increasing individualism predicts decreasing happiness: A cross- temporal analysis of culture and happiness as mirrored in music lyric in China. Manuscript under review.
[44]	Huang Z., H., Wang, K., & Cai H., J., ( 2016), Rising Individualism in China: Convergent evidence from diverse perspectives. Poster presented on the 23 ^rd Conference of International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology in Nagoya , Japan.
[45]	Inglehart, R., & Baker, W.E. ( 2000). Modernization, cultural change, and the persistence of traditional values. American Sociological Review, 65( 1), 19-51.
[46]	Kagitcibasi, C., & Ataca, B.( 2005). Value of children and family change: A three‐decade portrait from Turkey. Applied Psychology, 54( 3), 317-337.
[47]	Kagitcibasi, C.( 1994). A critical appraisal of individualism and collectivism: Toward a new formulation. In U. Kim, H. C. Triandis, C. Kagitcibasi, S.-C. Choi, & G. Yoon (Eds.), Individualism and collectivism: Theory, method, and applications( pp. 52-65). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
[48]	Kashima, Y.( 2014). How can you capture cultural dynamics? Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 995.
[49]	Kashima, E.S., & Kashima, Y.( 1998). Culture and language: The case of cultural dimensions and personal pronoun use. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 29( 3), 461-486.
[50]	Kashima, Y., Bain, P., Haslam, N., Peters, K., Laham, S., Whelan, J., ... Fernando, J. ( 2009). Folk theory of social change. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 12( 4), 227-246.
[51]	Kashima, Y., Shi, J., Tsuchiya, K., Kashima, E. S., Cheng, S. Y., Chao, M. M., & Shin, S. H. ( 2011). Globalization and folk theory of social change: How globalization relates to societal perceptions about the past and future. Journal of Social Issues, 67( 4), 696-715.
[52]	Kasser, T.( 2003). The high price of materialism. Cambridge, MA: MIT press.
[53]	Keller, H., & Lamm, B.( 2005). Parenting as the expression of sociohistorical time: The case of German individualisation. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 29( 3), 238-246.
[54]	Kim, H., & Markus, H.R. ( 1999). Deviance or uniqueness, harmony or conformity? A cultural analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77( 4), 785-800.
[55]	Leckelt, M., Back, M. D., Foster, J. D., Hutteman, R., Jaeger, G., McCain, J., ... Campbell, W. K. ( 2016). Entering adulthood in a recession tempers later narcissism-But only in men. Journal of Research in Personality, 60, 8-11.
[56]	Levin, S., Matthews, M., Guimond, S., Sidanius, J., Pratto, F., Kteily, N., ... Dover, T. ( 2012). Assimilation, multiculturalism, and colorblindness: Mediated and moderated relationships between social dominance orientation and prejudice. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48( 1), 207-212.
[57]	Lindfors, P., Solantaus, T., & Rimpel?, A. ( 2012). Fears for the future among Finnish adolescents in 1983-2007: From global concerns to ill health and loneliness. Journal of Adolescence, 35( 4), 991-999.
[58]	Liu, D., & Xin, Z.Q. ( 2015). Birth cohort and age changes in the self-esteem of Chinese adolescents: A cross-temporal meta-analysis, 1996-2009. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 25( 2), 366-376.
[59]	Manago, A.M. ( 2014). Connecting societal change to value differences across generations: Adolescents, mothers, and grandmothers in a Maya community in Southern Mexico. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 45( 6), 868-887.
[60]	Markus, H.R., & Kitayama, S.( 1991). Culture and the self: implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98( 2), 224-253.
[61]	Maynard, A. E., Greenfield, P. M., & Childs, C. P. ( 2015). Developmental effects of economic and educational change: Cognitive representation in three generations across 43 years in a Maya community. International Journal of Psychology, 50( 1), 12-19.
[62]	Morling, B.( 2016). Cultural difference, inside and out. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 10( 12), 693-706.
[63]	Na, J., Grossmann, I., Varnum, M. E., Kitayama, S., Gonzalez, R., & Nisbett, R. E. ( 2010). Cultural differences are not always reducible to individual differences. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107( 14), 6192-6197.
[64]	Nafstad, H. E., Blakar, R. M., Carlquist, E., Phelps, J. M., & Rand-Hendriksen, K. ( 2007). Ideology and power: the influence of current neo-liberalism in society. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 17( 4), 313-327.
[65]	Ogihara, Y.(August 2016). Cultural change toward greater individualism in Japan: Analyses of human and dog names. Presented on the 23rd Congress of the International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology, WINC Aichi, Nagoya, Japan.
[66]	Ogihara, Y.( 2017). Temporal changes in individualism and their ramification in Japan: Rising individualism and conflicts with persisting collectivism. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 695.
[67]	Ogihara, Y., Fujita, H., Tominaga, H., Ishigaki, S., Kashimoto, T., Takahashi, A., ... Uchida, Y. ( 2015). Are common names becoming less common? The rise in uniqueness and individualism in Japan. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 1490.
[68]	Ogihara, Y., Uchida, Y., & Kusumi, T. ( 2016). Losing Confidence over Time: Temporal Changes in Self-Esteem among Older Children and Early Adolescents in Japan, 1999-2006. SAGE Open, 6, 1-8.
[69]	Oishi, S., Graham, J., Kesebir, S., & Galinha, I. C. ( 2013). Concepts of happiness across time and cultures. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 39( 5), 559-577.
[70]	Oyserman, D.( 2017). Culture three ways: Culture and subcultures within countries. Annual review of psychology, 68, 435-463.
[71]	Oyserman, D., Coon, H. M., & Kemmelmeier, M. ( 2002). Rethinking individualism and collectivism: Evaluation of theoretical assumptions and meta-analyses. Psychological Bulletin, 128( 1), 3-72.
[72]	Oyserman, D., & Lee, S.W. ( 2008). Does Culture Influence What and How We Think? Effects of Priming Individualism and Collectivism. Psychological Bulletin, 134( 2), 311-342.
[73]	Oyserman, D., & Novin, S.( 2016). Honor as Cultural Mindset: Activated Honor Mindset Affects Subsequent Judgment and Attention in Mindset-Congruent Ways. Frontiers in psychology, 7, e5707.
[74]	Oyserman, D., Sorensen, N., Reber, R., & Chen, S. X. ( 2009). Connecting and separating mind-sets: Culture as situated cognition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97( 2), 217-235.
[75]	Parish, W. L., Laumann, E. O., & Mojola, S. A. ( 2007). Sexual behavior in China: Trends and comparisons. Population and Development Review, 33( 4), 729-756.
[76]	Park, H., Twenge, J. M., & Greenfield, P. M. ( 2014). The Great Recession: Implications for adolescent values and behavior. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 5( 3), 310-318.
[77]	Roos, P., Gelfand, M., Nau, D., & Lun, J. ( 2015). Societal threat and cultural variation in the strength of social norms: An evolutionary basis. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 129, 14-23.
[78]	Santos, H. C., Varnum, M. E., & Grossmann, I. ( 2017). Global increases in individualism. Psychological Science, 28( 9), 1228-1239.
[79]	Singelis, T.M. ( 1994). The measurement of independent and interdependent self-construals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20( 5), 580-591.
[80]	Saxe, G.B., & Esmonde, I.( 2004). Making change in Oksapmin tradestores: A study of shifting practices of quantification under conditions of rapid shift towards a cash economy. South Pacific Journal of Psychology, 15, 11-28.
[81]	Shi, Y. Y., Shi, J., Luo, Y. L. L., & Cai, H. J. ( 2016). Understanding exclusionary reactions toward a foreign culture: The influence of intrusive cultural mixing on implicit intergroup bias. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 47( 10), 1335-1344.
[82]	Shimizu, M., Park, H., & Greenfield, P. M. ( 2014). Infant sleeping arrangements and cultural values among contemporary Japanese mothers. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 718.
[83]	Talhelm, T., Zhang, X., Oishi, S., Shimin, C., Duan, D., Lan, X., & Kitayama, S. ( 2014). Large-scale psychological differences within China explained by rice versus wheat agriculture. Science, 344( 6184), 603-608.
[84]	Taras, V., Steel, P., & Kirkman, B. L. ( 2012). Improving national cultural indices using a longitudinal meta-analysis of Hofstede's dimensions. Journal of World Business, 47( 3), 329-341.
[85]	Thornton, A., & Young‐DeMarco, L.( 2001). Four decades of trends in attitudes toward family issues in the United States: The 1960s through the 1990s. Journal of Marriage and Family, 63( 4), 1009-1037.
[86]	Trahan, L. H., Stuebing, K. K., Fletcher, J. M., & Hiscock, M. ( 2014). The Flynn effect: a meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 140( 5), 1332-1360.
[87]	Triandis, H. C. ( 1995). Individualism & Collectivism.Boulder, CO,US: Westview Press.
[88]	Triandis, H.C. ( 1996). The psychological measurement of cultural syndromes. American Psychologist, 51( 4), 407-415.
[89]	Trommsdorff, G.( 1983). Future orientation and socialization. International Journal of Psychology, 18( 1-4), 381-406.
[90]	Trzesniewski, K.H., & Donnellan, M.B . ( 2010). Rethinking “Generation Me”: A study of cohort effects from 1976-2006. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5( 1), 58-75.
[91]	Trzesniewski, K. H., Donnellan, M. B., & Robins, R. W. ( 2008). Do today's young people really think they are so extraordinary? An examination of secular trends in narcissism and self-enhancement. Psychological Science, 19( 2), 181-188.
[92]	Twenge, J.M. ( 2000). The Age of Anxiety? Birth Cohort Change in Anxiety and Neuroticism, 1952-1993. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79( 6), 1007-1021.
[93]	Twenge, J.M. ( 2001). Birth cohort changes in extraversion: A cross-temporal meta-analysis, 1966-1993. Personality and Individual Differences, 30( 5), 735-748.
[94]	Twenge, J.M. ( 2015). Time period and birth cohort differences in depressive symptoms in the US., 1982- 2013. Social Indicators Research, 121( 2), 437-454.
[95]	Twenge, J. M., Abebe, E. M., & Campbell, W. K. ( 2010). Fitting in or standing out: Trends in American parents' choices for children’s names, 1880-2007. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 1( 1), 19-25.
[96]	Twenge, J.M., & Campbell, W.K . ( 2010). Birth cohort differences in the monitoring the future dataset and elsewhere: Further evidence for generation me— Commentary on Trzesniewski & Donnellan (2010). Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5( 1), 81-88.
[97]	Twenge, J. M., Campbell, S. M., Hoffman, B. J., & Lance, C. E. ( 2010). Generational differences in work values: Leisure and extrinsic values increasing, social and intrinsic values decreasing. Journal of Management, 36( 5), 1117-1142.
[98]	Twenge, J. M., Campbell, W. K., & Carter, N. T. ( 2014). Declines in trust in others and confidence in institutions among American adults and late adolescents, 1972-2012. Psychological Science, 25( 10), 1914-1923.
[99]	Twenge, J. M., Campbell, W. K., & Freeman, E. C. ( 2012). Generational differences in young adults’ life goals, concern for others, and civic orientation, 1966-2009. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102( 5), 1045-1062.
[100]	Twenge, J. M., Campbell, W. K., & Gentile, B. ( 2012). Generational increases in agentic self-evaluations among American college students, 1966-2009. Self and Identity, 11( 4), 409-427.
[101]	Twenge, J. M., Campbell, W. K., & Gentile, B. ( 2013). Changes in pronoun use in American books and the rise of individualism, 1960-2008. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 44( 3), 406-415.
[102]	Twenge, J. M., Carter, N. T., Campbell, W. K. ( 2017). Age, time period, and birth cohort differences in self-esteem: reexamining a cohort-sequential longitudinal study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 112( 5), 9-17.
[103]	Twenge, J. M., Exline, J. J., Grubbs, J. B., Sastry, R., & Campbell, W. K. ( 2015). Generational and time period differences in American adolescents’ religious orientation, 1966-2014. PloS One, 10( 5), e0121454.
[104]	Twenge, J.M., & Kasser, T.( 2013). Generational changes in materialism and work centrality, 1976-2007: Associations with temporal changes in societal insecurity and materialistic role modeling. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 39( 7), 883-897.
[105]	Twenge, J. M., Konrath, S., Foster, J. D., Campbell, W. K., & Bushman, B. J. ( 2008). Further evidence of an increase in narcissism among college students. Journal of Personality, 76( 4), 919-928.
[106]	Twenge, J. M., Sherman, R. A., Exline, J. J., & Grubbs, J. B. ( 2016). Declines in American adults’ religious participation and beliefs, 1972-2014. Sage Open, 6(1), .
[107]	Twenge, J. M., Sherman, R. A., & Wells, B. E. ( 2015). Changes in American adults’ sexual behavior and attitudes, 1972-2012. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 44( 8), 2273-2285.
[108]	Twenge, J. M., Sherman, R. A., & Wells, B. E. ( 2016). Sexual inactivity during young adulthood is more common among us millennials and igen: Age, period, and cohort effects on having no sexual partners after age 18. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 46( 2), 433-440.
[109]	Uhls, Y.T., & Greenfield, P.M . ( 2015). The rise of fame: An historical content analysis. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 5( 1), 1.
[110]	Uskul, A. K., Kitayama, S., & Nisbett, R. E. ( 2008). Ecocultural basis of cognition: Farmers and fishermen are more holistic than herders. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105( 25), 8552-8556.
[111]	Vygotsky, L. S. ( 1978).Mind in society:The development of higher mental functions.Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
[112]	Wang, Q., Leichtman, M. D., & White, S. H. ( 1998). Childhood memory and self-description in young Chinese adults: The impact of growing up an only child. Cognition, 69( 1), 73-103.
[113]	Welzel, C. ( 2013). Benign Individualism.In Freedom rising:Human empowerment and the quest for emancipation (pp. 191-215).New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
[114]	Welzel, C., & Dalton, R.( 2016). Cultural change in Asia and beyond: From allegiant to assertive citizens. Asian Journal of Comparative Politics, 1-21. doi: 10.1177/20578911166 75978
[115]	Wetzel, E., Brown, A., Hill, P. L., Chung, J. M., Robins, R. W., & Roberts, B. W. ( 2017). The narcissism epidemic is dead; long live the narcissism epidemic. Psychological science, 28( 12), 1833-1847.
[116]	Xin, S.F., & Xin, Z.Q . ( 2016). Birth cohort changes in Chinese college students’ loneliness and social support: One up, as another down. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 40( 5), 398-407.
[117]	Xin, Z.Q., & Xin, S.F . ( 2017). Marketization process predicts trust decline in China. Journal of Economic Psychology, 62, 120-129.
[118]	Xin, Z. Q., Zhang, L., & Liu, D. ( 2010). Birth cohort changes of Chinese adolescents’ anxiety: A cross-temporal meta-analysis, 1992-2005. Personality and Individual Differences, 48( 2), 208-212.
[119]	Xu, Y., & Hamamura, T.( 2014). Folk Beliefs of Cultural Changes in China. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 1066.
[120]	Yang, K. S. ( 1996). The psychological transformation of the Chinese people as a result of societal modernization. In Bond, M. H. (Ed.), Handbook of Chinese Psychology (pp. 479-498). Hong Kong: Oxford University Press.
[121]	Yang, X., Zhang, P., Zhao, J., Zhao, J., Wang, J., Chen, Y., ... Zhang, X. ( 2016). Confucian culture still matters: The benefits of Zhongyong thinking (Doctrine of the mean) for mental health. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 47( 8), 1097-1113.
[122]	Yu, F., Peng, T., Peng, K. P., Tang, S., Chen, C. S., Qian, X. J., ... Chai, F. ( 2016). Cultural value shifting in pronoun use. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 47( 2), 310-316.
[123]	Zeng, R., & Greenfield, P.M. ( 2015). Cultural evolution over the last 40 years in China: Using the Google Ngram Viewer to study implications of social and political change for cultural values. International Journal of Psychology, 50( 1), 47-55.
[124]	Zhang, R., Noels, K. A., Guan, Y., & Weng, L. ( 2017). Making sense of positive self‐evaluations in China: The role of sociocultural change. European Journal of Social Psychology, 47( 1), 36-52.
[125]	Zhou, C., Yiu, W. Y. V., Wu, M. S., & Greenfield, P. M. ( 2018). Perception of cross-Generational differences in child behavior and parent socialization: A mixed-method interview study with grandmothers in China. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 49( 1), 62-81.

个人主义上升, 集体主义式微?——全球文化变迁与民众心理变化

Increasing individualism and decreasing collectivism? Cultural and psychological change around the globe

RichHTML

PDF (PC)

可视化

摘要/Abstract

引用本文

使用本文

参考文献

相关文章 15

编辑推荐

Metrics

本文评价

[1]	蔡华俭, 黄梓航, 林莉, 张明杨, 王潇欧, 朱慧珺, 谢怡萍, 杨盈, 杨紫嫣, 敬一鸣. 半个多世纪来中国人的心理与行为变化——心理学视野下的研究[J]. 心理科学进展, 2020, 28(10): 1599-1688.
[2]	郭昫澄, 马红宇, 姜海, 袁明. 集体主义−个体主义文化视角下工作−家庭关系差异分析[J]. 心理科学进展, 2017, 25(6): 1036-1044.
[3]	李永帅, 黄桢炜, 谭旭运, 刘力. 互联网数据中的文化差异与文化变迁[J]. 心理科学进展, 2017, 25(6): 1045-1057.
[4]	卢俊;陈浩;乐国安. 松−紧文化: 跨文化心理学研究的新维度[J]. 心理科学进展, 2017, 25(5): 887-902.
[5]	晏松;Ype H. POORTINGA. 行为的文化差异：几头大象还是一群蚂蚁？[J]. 心理科学进展, 2017, 25(4): 523-541.
[6]	徐江;任孝鹏;苏红;. 个体主义/集体主义的影响因素：生态视角[J]. 心理科学进展, 2016, 24(8): 1309-1318.
[7]	马欣然;任孝鹏;徐江. 中国人集体主义的南北方差异及其文化动力[J]. 心理科学进展, 2016, 24(10): 1551-1555.
[8]	刘影;桑标;龚少英;丁雪辰;潘婷婷. 情绪表达抑制功能的文化差异[J]. 心理科学进展, 2016, 24(10): 1647-1654.
[9]	苏红;任孝鹏. 名字的心理效应：来自个体层面和群体层面的证据[J]. 心理科学进展, 2015, 23(5): 879-887.
[10]	姜永志;白晓丽. 文化变迁中的价值观发展：概念、结构与方法[J]. 心理科学进展, 2015, 23(5): 888-896.
[11]	阿不来提江;刘扬;朱晓睿;郑蕊;梁竹苑;饶俪琳;吴斌;李纾. 自我对跨期决策的影响——基于个人-集体主义文化视角[J]. 心理科学进展, 2015, 23(11): 1981-1990.
[12]	苏红;任孝鹏. 个体主义的地区差异和代际变迁[J]. 心理科学进展, 2014, 22(6): 1006-1015.
[13]	黄桢炜;刘力;谭旭运;郑雯雯;张冀琦. 集体主义与贿赂[J]. 心理科学进展, 2014, 22(12): 1944-1952.
[14]	吴佩君;李晔. 公正世界信念的文化差异[J]. 心理科学进展, 2014, 22(11): 1814-1822.
[15]	唐女;Elaine HATFIELD. 文化差异与性的自我表露[J]. 心理科学进展, 2014, 22(1): 171-180.