工作记忆表征对视觉注意的影响：基于非目标模板的视角

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1042.2018.01608

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

储存在工作记忆中的视觉表征会影响注意选择过程。其中, 与目标有关的工作记忆表征(靶子模板)对视觉注意起到自上而下的引导作用, 而与目标无关的工作记忆表征(非目标模板)亦会对注意分配产生影响。本文通过系统分析非目标工作记忆表征影响视觉搜索过程的相关研究, 发现非目标模板在视觉搜索任务中既存在自动化的注意捕获, 也会形成主动抑制以提高目标搜索绩效。进一步地, 对非目标模板的注意捕获或抑制受实验范式、任务难度、刺激材料特征以及认知控制水平等因素的影响。未来研究应该在不断深入细化变量操纵、完善变量控制的同时, 进一步扩展应用领域的研究。

关键词: 选择性注意, 工作记忆表征, 非目标模板, 注意捕获, 注意抑制

Abstract:

The contents of visual working memory (VWM) have been repeatedly found to be linked with attention allocation during visual searching. While the target representation in working memory (target template) was found to affect memory-driven attentional capture in a top-down manner, non-target representation in working memory (non-target template) can also affect attentional selection. The present article reviews existing literature on the modulation of attentional selection by non-target template stored in visual working memory. It is concluded that non-target presentations can not only automatically bias attention to information that matches the non-target template, but also benefit visual search performance by strategically suppressing items that matches the non-target template. The suppression functions of non-target template were affected by several factors including experiment paradigm, task difficulty, characteristics of stimuli and level of cognitive control. Future research should be aimed towards further investigation of its properties and promote both basic and applied research.

Key words: selective attention, visual working memory, non-target template, attentional capture, attentional suppression

中图分类号:

B842

李杨卓, 杨旭成, 高虹, 高湘萍. (2018). 工作记忆表征对视觉注意的影响：基于非目标模板的视角. 心理科学进展 , 26(9), 1608-1616.

Yangzhuo LI, Xucheng YANG, Hong GAO, Xiangping GAO. (2018). The role of working memory representation in visual search: The perspective of non-target template. Advances in Psychological Science, 26(9), 1608-1616.

参考文献

1	胡艳梅, 张明, 徐展, 李毕琴 . ( 2013). 客体工作记忆对注意的导向作用: 抑制动机的影响. 心理学报, 45( 2), 127-138.
2	胡艳梅, 张明 . ( 2016). 基于记忆的注意捕获和注意抑制效应: ERP证据. 心理学报, 48( 1), 12-21.
3	纪丽燕, 陈宁轩, 丁锦红, 魏萍 . ( 2015). 奖赏预期调节局部注意干扰效应. 心理学报, 47( 6), 721-733.
4	于斌, 乐国安, 刘惠军 . ( 2014). 工作记忆能力与自我调控. 心理科学进展, 22( 5), 772-781.
5	张豹, 胡岑楼, 黄赛 . ( 2016). 认知控制在工作记忆表征引导注意中的作用: 来自眼动的证据. 心理学报, 48( 9), 1105-1118.
6	张豹, 黄赛, 候秋霞 . ( 2014). 工作记忆表征捕获眼动中的颜色优先性. 心理学报, 46( 1), 17-26.
7	张明, 张阳 . ( 2007). 工作记忆与选择性注意的交互关系. 心理科学进展, 15( 1), 8-15.
8	Anderson B. A., Laurent P. A., & Yantis S. ( 2013). Reward predictions bias attentional selection. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7: 262.
9	Anderson D. E., Vogel E. K., & Awh E. ( 2013). A common discrete resource for visual working memory and visual search. Psychological Science, 24( 6), 929-938.
10	Arita J. T., Carlisle N. B., & Woodman G. F. ( 2012). Templates for rejection: configuring attention to ignore task-irrelevant features. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 38( 3), 580-584.
11	Beck, V. M., & Hollingworth, A. ( 2015). Evidence for negative feature guidance in visual search is explained by spatial recoding. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 41( 5), 1190-1196.
12	Becker M. W., Hemsteger S., & Peltier C. ( 2015). No templates for rejection: A failure to configure attention to ignore task-irrelevant features. Visual Cognition, 23( 9-10), 1150-1167.
13	Berridge, K. C., & Robinson, T. E. ( 1998). What is the role of dopamine in reward: hedonic impact, reward learning, or incentive salience?. Brain Research Reviews, 28( 3), 309-369.
14	Bucker, B., & Theeuwes, J. ( 2017). Pavlovian reward learning underlies value driven attentional capture. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 79( 2), 415-428.
15	Carlisle, N. B., & Woodman, G. F. ( 2011). When memory is not enough: Electrophysiological evidence for goal-dependent use of working memory representations in guiding visual attention. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 23( 10), 2650-2664.
16	Chelazzi L., Duncan J., Miller E. K., & Desimone R. ( 1998). Responses of neurons in inferior temporal cortex during memory-guided visual search. Journal of Neurophysiology, 80( 6), 2918-2940.
17	Chelazzi L., Perlato A., Santandrea E., & Della Libera C. ( 2013). Rewards teach visual selective attention. Vision research, 85, 58-72.
18	Desimone, R. ( 1998). Visual attention mediated by biased competition in extrastriate visual cortex. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 353( 1373), 1245-1255.
19	Desimone, R., & Duncan, J. ( 1995). Neural mechanisms of selective visual attention. Annual review of neuroscience, 18( 1), 193-222.
20	Dodd, M. D., & Flowers, J. ( Eds.). ( 2012). The influence of attention, learning, and motivation on visual search. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 59( 1-4).
21	Dowd E. W., Kiyonaga A., Egner T., & Mitroff S. R. ( 2015). Attentional guidance by working memory differs by paradigm: An individual-differences approach. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 77( 3), 704-712.
22	Downing, P. E. ( 2000). Interactions between visual working memory and selective attention. Psychological Science, 11( 6), 467-473.
23	Downing, P., & Dodds, C. M. ( 2004). Competition in visual working memory for control of search. Visual Cognition, 11( 6), 689-703.
24	Gaspar, J. M., & McDonald, J. J. ( 2014). Suppression of salient objects prevents distraction in visual search. Journal of neuroscience, 34( 16), 5658-5666.
25	Geng, J. J. ( 2014). Attentional mechanisms of distractor suppression. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 23( 2), 147-153.
26	Geng, J. J., & DiQuattro, N. E. ( 2010). Attentional capture by a perceptually salient non-target facilitates target processing through inhibition and rapid rejection. Journal of Vision, 10( 6), 5-5.
27	Gong, M. Y., & Li, S. ( 2014). Learned reward association improves visual working memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 40( 2), 841-856.
28	Gong M. Y., Jia K., & Li S. ( 2017). Perceptual competition promotes suppression of reward salience in behavioral selection and neural representation. Journal of Neuroscience, 37( 26), 6242-6252.
29	Gong M. Y., Yang F., & Li S. ( 2016). Reward association facilitates distractor suppression in human visual search. European Journal of Neuroscience, 43( 7), 942-953.
30	Han, S. W., & Kim, M. S. ( 2009). Do the contents of working memory capture attention? Yes, but cognitive control matters. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 35( 5), 1292-1302.
31	Hickey C., Chelazzi L., & Theeuwes J. ( 2010). Reward changes salience in human vision via the anterior cingulate. Journal of Neuroscience, 30( 33), 11096-11103.
32	Hickey C., McDonald J. J., & Theeuwes J. ( 2006). Electrophysiological evidence of the capture of visual attention. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 18( 4), 604-613.
33	Hu Y., Xu Z., & Hitch G. J. ( 2011). Strategic and automatic effects of visual working memory on attention in visual search. Visual Cognition, 19( 6), 799-816.
34	Kiyonaga A., Egner T., & Soto D. ( 2012). Cognitive control over working memory biases of selection. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 19( 4), 639-646.
35	Kumar S., Soto D., & Humphreys G. W. ( 2009). Electrophysiological evidence for attentional guidance by the contents of working memory. European Journal of Neuroscience, 30( 2), 307-317.
36	Mevorach C., Hodsoll J., Allen H., Shalev L., & Humphreys G. ( 2010). Ignoring the elephant in the room: a neural circuit to downregulate salience. Journal of Neuroscience, 30( 17), 6072-6079.
37	Mine, C., & Saiki, J. ( 2015). Task-irrelevant stimulus-reward association induces value-driven attentional capture. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 77( 6), 1896-1907.
38	Olivers, C. N. L. ( 2009). What drives memory-driven attentional capture? The effects of memory type, display type, and search type. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 35( 5), 1275-1291.
39	Olivers, C. N. L., & Humphreys, G. W. ( 2003). Visual marking inhibits singleton capture. Cognitive Psychology, 47( 1), 1-42.
40	Olivers C. N. L., Meijer F., & Theeuwes J. ( 2006). Feature-based memory-driven attentional capture: visual working memory content affects visual attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 32( 5), 1243-1265.
41	Olivers C. N. L., Peters J., Houtkamp R., & Roelfsema P. R. ( 2011). Different states in visual working memory: When it guides attention and when it does not. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 15( 7), 327-334.
42	Pessoa, L., & Engelmann, J. B. ( 2010). Embedding reward signals into perception and cognition. Frontiers in neuroscience, 4: 17.
43	Peters J. C., Goebel R., & Roelfsema P. R. ( 2009). Remembered but unused: the accessory items in working memory that do not guide attention. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 21( 6), 1081-1091.
44	Sawaki R., Geng J. J., & Luck S. J. ( 2012). A common neural mechanism for preventing and terminating the allocation of attention. Journal of Neuroscience, 32( 31), 10725-10736.
45	Sawaki, R., & Luck, S. J. ( 2010). Capture versus suppression of attention by salient singletons: Electrophysiological evidence for an automatic attend-to-me signal. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 72( 6), 1455-1470.
46	Sawaki, R., & Luck, S. J. ( 2011). Active suppression of distractors that match the contents of visual working memory. Visual Cognition, 19( 7), 956-972.
47	Sawaki, R., & Luck, S. J. ( 2013). Active suppression after involuntary capture of attention. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 20( 2), 296-301.
48	Soto D., Greene C. M., Chaudhary A., & Rotshtein P. ( 2011). Competition in working memory reduces frontal guidance of visual selection. Cerebral Cortex, 22( 5), 1159-1169.
49	Soto D., Heinke D., Humphreys G. W., & Blanco M. J. ( 2005). Early, involuntary top-down guidance of attention from working memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 31( 2), 248-261.
50	Soto D., Hodsoll J., Rotshtein P., & Humphreys G. W. ( 2008). Automatic guidance of attention from working memory. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 12( 9), 342-348.
51	Soto D., Llewelyn D., & Silvanto J. ( 2012). Distinct causal mechanisms of attentional guidance by working memory and repetition priming in early visual cortex. Journal of Neuroscience, 32( 10), 3447-3452.
52	Soto D., Mok A. Y. F., McRobbie D., Quest R., Waldman A., & Rotshtein P. ( 2011). Biasing visual selection: functional neuroimaging of the interplay between spatial cueing and feature memory guidance. Neuropsychologia, 49( 6), 1537-1543.
53	Soto D., Rotshtein P., & Kanai R. ( 2014). Parietal structure and function explain human variation in working memory biases of visual attention. Neuroimage, 89, 289-296.
54	Tan J. F., Zhao Y. F., Wang, L. J, Tian, X., Cui Y., Yang Q., .. & Chen A. ( 2015). The competitive influences of perceptual load and working memory guidance on selective attention. PloS One, 10( 6), e0129533. 9
55	Theeuwes, J. ( 1991). Cross-dimensional perceptual selectivity. Perception, & Psychophysics, 50( 2), 184-193.
56	van Moorselaar D., Theeuwes J., & Olivers, C. N. L. ( 2014). In competition for the attentional template: Can multiple items within visual working memory guide attention? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 40( 4), 1450-1464.
57	Wang L. H., Yu H. G., Hu J., Theeuwes J., Gong X. L., Xiang Y., .. & Zhou, X. L. ( 2015). Reward breaks through center‐surround inhibition via anterior insula. Human Brain Mapping, 36( 12), 5233-5251.
58	Watson, D. G., & Humphreys, G. W. ( 1997). Visual marking: prioritizing selection for new objects by top-down attentional inhibition of old objects. Psychological Review, 104( 1), 90-122.
59	Wolfe, J. M. ( 2007). Guided search 4.0. Integrated Models of Cognitive Systems, 99-119.
60	Woodman, G. F. ( 2010). A brief introduction to the use of event-related potentials in studies of perception and attention. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 72( 8), 2031-2046.
61	Woodman, G. F., & Luck, S. J. ( 2007). Do the contents of visual working memory automatically influence attentional selection during visual search? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 33( 2), 363-377.
62	Yantis, S. ( 2000). Goal-directed and stimulus-driven determinants of attentional control. Attention and performance, 18, 73-103.
63	Yantis, S., & Egeth, H. E. ( 1999). On the distinction between visual salience and stimulus-driven attentional capture. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 25( 3), 661-676.
64	Zhang B., Zhang J. X., Kong L. Y., Huang S., Yue Z. Z., & Wang S. ( 2010). Guidance of visual attention from working memory contents depends on stimulus attributes. Neuroscience Letters, 486( 3), 202-206.

[1]	吴瑕, 王浚哲, 王赟, 陈瀛, 杨海波. 类别注意控制定势在注意捕获中的加工机制[J]. 心理科学进展, 2022, 30(10): 2219-2227.
[2]	何嘉梅, 金磊. 目标概念的辨析及其对决策的影响[J]. 心理科学进展, 2021, 29(8): 1410-1419.
[3]	张帆, 陈艾睿, 董波, 王爱君, 张明. 视觉注意捕获的快速脱离假说与信号抑制假说[J]. 心理科学进展, 2021, 29(1): 45-55.
[4]	宫栋宇, 张峻皓, 孙沛. 干扰刺激的强度对注意捕获的影响：基于额外奇异刺激范式[J]. 心理科学进展, 2019, 27(suppl.): 26-26.
[5]	臧学莲, 张笑笑, 贾丽娜, 李根强, 李红. 选择性注意机制在情景线索效应中的作用[J]. 心理科学进展, 2017, 25(9): 1503-1511.
[6]	蔡頠;吴嵩;寇彧. 权力对亲社会行为的影响：机制及相关因素[J]. 心理科学进展, 2016, 24(1): 120-131.
[7]	范玲霞;齐森青;郭仁露;黄博;杨东. 奖励影响注意选择的认知加工机制[J]. 心理科学进展, 2014, 22(10): 1573-1584.
[8]	魏萍;康冠兰. 奖赏性线索启动和调控视觉搜索额顶网络的神经机制[J]. 心理科学进展, 2012, 20(6): 798-804.
[9]	张明;王爱君. 视觉搜索中基于工作记忆内容的注意捕获与抑制[J]. 心理科学进展, 2012, 20(12): 1899-1907.
[10]	李毕琴;张明. 跨感觉通道任务中刺激驱动注意捕获的不对称性[J]. 心理科学进展, 2012, 20(11): 1749-1754.
[11]	魏萍;周晓林. 任务维度和任务无关维度干扰信息的同质性影响视觉搜索的神经机制[J]. 心理科学进展, 2011, 19(6): 794-802.
[12]	徐李娟;黄莹;吴玺宏;吴艳红;李量. “鸡尾酒会”环境中的知觉线索的去掩蔽作用[J]. 心理科学进展, 2009, 17(2): 261-267.
[13]	李会杰;陈楚侨. 注意捕获的另一扇窗户——无意视盲[J]. 心理科学进展, 2007, 15(4): 577-586.
[14]	张明;张阳. 工作记忆与选择性注意的交互关系[J]. 心理科学进展, 2007, 15(1): 8-15.
[15]	雷学军;金志成. 预搜索过滤分心物的机制[J]. 心理科学进展, 2006, 14(2): 210-.