文学阅读如何影响读者的心理理论

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1042.2020.00434

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

文学阅读不但能提高读者的文学修养, 还能影响其心理状态。然而, 文学阅读经验是否一定能提高读者的心理理论仍然存有争议。近年来有关文学阅读与心理理论关系的实验性探讨不断增加。鉴于此, 作者从文本体裁、测量手段和个体差异角度分析了争议产生的原因。在此基础之上, 归纳了文学阅读影响心理理论的潜在机制, 即镜像神经系统和默认网络很可能是文学阅读促进心理理论提高的重要神经基础。

关键词: 文学阅读, 心理理论, 叙述视角, 共情

Abstract:

Literature reading can not only improve readers' literary accomplishment, but also affect their psychological and cognitive states. However, although an increasing number of experimental studies have been carried out, the question of whether the literature exposure can improve reader's Theory of Mind (ToM) still remains unsolved. To this end, we review recent experimental studies of the relationship between literary reading and ToM, and analyzes the reasons underlying the inconsistency from the perspective of text genre and individual differences. On this basis, the potential mechanism underlying the influence of literary reading on ToM abilities is proposed: the Mirror Neuron system and the Default Network are possibly to be the crucial neural basis.

Key words: literature reading, Theory of Mind, narrative perspective, empathy

陈丽娟, 徐晓东. (2020). 文学阅读如何影响读者的心理理论. 心理科学进展 , 28(3), 434-442.

CHEN Lijuan, XU Xiaodong. (2020). How does literature reading affect readers’ Theory of Mind?. Advances in Psychological Science, 28(3), 434-442.

参考文献

[1]	陈慧娟 . (2008). 论第一人称叙述视角的特性. 天津社会科学, 6, 110-112.
[2]	崔刚 . (2015). 神经语言学. 北京: 清华大学出版社.
[3]	申丹 . (1996). 论第一人称叙述与第三人称有限视角叙述在视角上的差异, 外国文学评论, 2, 14-23.
[4]	申丹, 韩加明, 王丽亚 . (2018). 英美小说叙事理论研究. 北京: 北京大学出版社.
[5]	亚里士多德 . (2002). 诗学 (罗念生译). 北京: 人民文学出版社.
[6]	张曼, 刘欢欢 . (2018). 社会交流中人际神经同步的认知机制. 心理科学, 41(2), 378-383.
[7]	Altmann U., Bohrn I. C., Lubrich O., Menninghaus W., & Jacobs A. M . (2012). Fact vs fiction: How paratextual information shapes our reading processes, Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 9(1), 22-29.
[8]	Appel M., & Richter T . (2007). Persuasive effects of fictional narratives increase over time. Media Psychology, 10(1), 113-134.
[9]	Bal P. M., & Veltkamp M . (2013). How does fiction reading influence empathy? An experimental investigation on the role of emotional transportation. PLoS ONE, 8(1), e55341.
[10]	Baron-Cohen S., Wheelwright S., Hill J., Raste Y., & Plumb I . (2001). The “Reading the mind in the eyes” Test revised version: A study with normal adults, and adults with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 42(2), 241-251.
[11]	Bowes A., & Katz A . (2015). Metaphor creates intimacy and temporarily enhances theory of mind. Memory & Cognition, 43(6), 953-963.
[12]	Brunyé T. T., Ditman T., Mahoney C. R., & Taylor H. A . (2011). Better you than I: Perspectives and emotion simulation during narrative comprehension. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 23(5), 659-666.
[13]	Buckner R. L., & Carroll D. C . (2007). Self-projection and the brain. Trends in Cognitive Science, 11(1), 49-57.
[14]	Burke M., Kuzmičová A., Mangen A., & Schilhab T . (2016). Empathy at the confluence of neuroscience and empirical literary studies. Scientific Study of Literature, 6(1), 6-41.
[15]	Dai H. Y., Chen L. J., Ni C. B., & Xu X. D . (2019). Literature reading modulates pronoun resolution in counterfactual world: Evidence from Event-related Potentials. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 45(5), 904-919.
[16]	de Mulder, H. N. M. Hakemulder F., van den Berghe R., Klaassen F., & van Berkum J. J. A . (2017). Effects of exposure to literary narrative fiction from book smart to street smart? Scientific Study of Literature, 7(1), 129-169.
[17]	Djikic M., Oatley K., & Moldoveanu M. C . (2013). Reading other minds: Effects of literature on empathy, Scientific Study of Literature, 3(1), 28-47.
[18]	Djikic M., & Oatley K . (2014). The art in fiction: From indirect communication to changes of the self. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 8(4), 498-505.
[19]	Dodell-Feder D., & Tamir D. I . (2018). Fiction reading has a small positive impact on social cognition: A meta-analysis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 147(11), 1713-1727.
[20]	Dvash J., & Shamay-Tsoory S. G . (2014). Theory of mind and empathy as multidimensional constructs: Neurological foundations. Topics in Language Disorders, 34(4), 282-295.
[21]	Fong K., Mullin J. B., & Mar R. A . (2013). What you read matters: The role of fiction genre in predicting interpersonal sensitivity. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 7(4), 370-376.
[22]	Hartung F., Burke M., Hagoort P., & Willems R. M . (2016). Taking perspective: Personal pronouns affect experiential aspects of literary reading. PLoS ONE, 11(5), e0154732.
[23]	Jacobs A. M., & Willems R. M . (2018). The fictive brain: Neurocognitive correlates of engagement in literature. Review of General Psychology, 22(2), 147-160.
[24]	Johnson D. R . (2013). Transportation into literary fiction reduces prejudice against, and increases empathy for Arab-Muslims. Scientific Study of Literature, 3(1), 77-92.
[25]	Kidd D. C., & Castano E . (2013). Reading literary fiction improves theory of mind. Science, 342(6156), 377-380.
[26]	Koopman E. M . (2018). Does originality evoke understanding? The relation between literary reading and empathy. Review of General Psychology, 22(2), 169-177.
[27]	Koopman E. M., & Hakemulder F . (2015). Effects of literature on empathy and self-reflection: A theoretical-empirical framework. Journal of Literary Theory, 9(1), 79-111.
[28]	Kotovych M., Peter D., Marisa B., & Mark H . (2011). Textual determinants of a component of literary identification. Scientific Study of Literature, 1(2), 260-291.
[29]	Małechi W., Pawłowski B., Cieński M., & Sorokowski P . (2018). Can fiction make us kinder to other species? The impact of fiction on pro-animal attitudes and behavior. Poetics, 66, 54-63.
[30]	Mar R. A . (2011). The neural bases of social cognition and story comprehension. Annual Review of Psychology, 62, 103-134.
[31]	Mar R., Oatley K., & Eng A . (2003). Abstraction and the vividness of details in fiction. Paper presented at the Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, Toronto, Canada.
[32]	Mar R. A., Oatley K., Hirsh J., dela Paz J., & Peterson J. B . (2006). Bookworms versus nerds: Exposure to fiction versus non-fiction, divergent associations with social ability, and the simulation of fictional social worlds. Journal of Research in Personality, 40(5), 694-712.
[33]	Mar R. A., Oatley K., & Peterson J. B . (2009). Exploring the link between reading fiction and empathy: Ruling out individual differences and examining outcomes. Communications, 34(4), 407-428.
[34]	Mar R. A., Tackett J. L., & Moore C . (2010). Exposure to media and theory-of-mind development in preschoolers. Cognitive Development, 25(1), 69-78.
[35]	Mildorf J . (2016). Reconsidering second-person narration and involvement. Language and Literature, 25(2), 145-158.
[36]	Mullins B., & Dixon P . (2007). Narratorial implicatures: Readers look to the narrator to know what is important. Poetics, 35(4-5), 262-276.
[37]	Mumper M. L., & Gerrig R. J . (2017). Leisure reading and social cognition: A meta-analysis. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 11(1), 109-120.
[38]	Oatley K . (1994). A taxonomy of the emotions of literary response and a theory of identification in fictional narrative. Poetics, 23(1-2), 53-74.
[39]	Oatley K . (1999). Meetings of minds: Dialogue, sympathy, and identification, in reading fiction. Poetics, 26(5-6), 439-454.
[40]	Panero M. E., Weisberg D. S., Black J., Goldstein T. R., Barnes J. L., Brownell H., & Winner E . (2016). Does reading a single passage of literary fiction really improve theory of mind? An attempt at replication. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 111(5), e46-e54.
[41]	Papeo L., Corradi-Dell’Acqua C., & Rumiati R. I . (2011). “She” is not like “I”: The tie between language and action is in our imagination. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 23(12), 3939-3948.
[42]	Pino M. C., & Mazza M . (2016). The use of “literary fiction” to promote mentalizing ability. PLoS ONE, 11(8), e0160254.
[43]	Premack D., & Woodruff G . (1978). Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1(4), 515-526.
[44]	Rizzolatti G., Fadiga L., Gallese V., & Fogassi L . (1996). Premotor cortex and the recognition of motor actions. Cognitive Brain Research, 3(2), 131-141.
[45]	Speer N. K., Reynolds J. R., Swallow K. M., & Zacks J. M . (2009). Reading stories activates neural representations of visual and motor experiences. Psychological Science, 20(8), 989-999.
[46]	Stemmer B . (2008). CHAPTER 17 - Neuropragmatics: Disorders and neural systems. In B. Stemmer & H. A. Whitaker (Eds.), Handbook of the neuroscience of language. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Elsevier.
[47]	Thompson J. M., Teasdale B., Duncan S., van Emde Boas E., Budelmann F., Maguire L., & Dunbar R. I. M . (2018). Individual differences in transportation into narrative drama. Review of General Psychology, 22(2), 210-219.
[48]	Vaughn L. A., Hesse S. J., Petkova Z., & Trudeau L . (2009). “This story is right on”: The impact of regulatory fit on narrative engagement and persuasion. European Journal of Social Psychology, 39(3), 447-456.
[49]	Völlm B. A., Taylor A. N. W., Richardson P., Corcoran R., Stirling J., McKie S., ... Elliott R . (2006). Neuronal correlates of theory of mind and empathy: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study in a nonverbal task. Neuroimage, 29(1), 90-98.