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25 March 1979, Volume 11 Issue 01 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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CHINESE PSYCHOLOGY IN THE NEW PERIOD OF DEVELOPMENT Pan Shu 1979, 11 (01):  4-12.  Abstract ( 436 )   This is one of the main addresses delivered at the Second Annual Meetingof the Chinese Psychological Society. The author named three main problemsthat face Chinese psychologists: a) the modernization of psychology and itsimplications; b) how to realize the modernization of psychology; c) how toresolve the contradiction between the arduous tasks facing us and our presentmeager conditions. Related Articles | Metrics

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HOLD ON TO SCIENTIFIC EXPERIMENTATION IN PSYCHOLOGY Chen Li,Wang An-sheng 1979, 11 (01):  13-19.  Abstract ( 538 )   Prior to the Great Cultural Revolution, Yao Wen-yuan published articlesopposing psychological research, especially its experimental methods. Thispaper gives an analysis and criticism of these articles. The authors pointout: the founders of Maxism-Leninism repeatedly stressed the point thatpsychology is a science; psychological research has demonstrated itself to beof benefit to social practice as well. And it is the experimental methodsthat transformed psychology into a science. In couclusion, the authors warmlyhail the great victory in the smashing of the "gang of four". Related Articles | Metrics

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HISTORICAL LESSONS SHOULD BE KEPT IN MIND Peng Fei 1979, 11 (01):  20-24.  Abstract ( 501 )   The author holds the view that the campaign to criticize psychologylaunched by Peking Normal University in 1958 was completely wrong inorientation and practice. It was contrary to Chairman Maols instruction"letting a hundred flowers blossom and a hundred schools of thought contend".Some useful lessons must be drawn from this campaign. First, it is importantto promote scientific democracy and adhere to legal system. Second, academicproblems should not be settled as political ones. Third, the roles of intelle-ctuals must be evaluated corretly. The interference and sabotage of Lin Piao and the "gang of four" in thefield of psychology during the Great Cultural Revolution was a continuationand further development of the campaign in 1958. Related Articles | Metrics

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PSYCHOLOGY IN THE REALIZATION OF THE FOUR MODERNIZATIONS Xu lian-cang 1979, 11 (01):  25-31.  Abstract ( 422 )   In the paper, the author explains the four main tasks of Chinesepsychologists in the light of the realization of four modernizations. First,in order to make china a modern socialist country, we need to educate andtrain a great many experts. To this end psychologists should make theircontributions to education. Second, psychologists should make every effortto increase labour productivity. Third, psychological tasks in the medicalfront is examined within the context of pollution, environment and familychanges. Behavior modification and counselling is like-wise emphasized. Fourth,social psychology studies should help to resolve questions of how to mobilizethe initiative of the broad masses, more effective measures should be takenin the investigation of public opinion, social feeling and attitude towardsvarious policies and events. Finally, the author indicates the importance ofthe foundamental theoretical research of psychology. Related Articles | Metrics

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ON TITCHENER'S EXISTENTIALISM Tang Yue 1979, 11 (01):  32-34.  Abstract ( 446 )   The author analyzed Titchenr's existentialism in that Titchener heldpsychophysical parallelism in regard to the relationship of psychologicaland physioloyical phenomena. He stood for idealism with respect to theobject of psychology. The introspective method was used in his psychologicalresearch. But Titchener's work gave some positive results for his introspe-ction was conducted under controlled conditions. Related Articles | Metrics

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SPECTRAL REFLECTANCE OF SKIN OF CHINESE ADULTS AND A SKIN—COLOR PLATE LIN ZHENG-XIAN,PENG RUI-XIANG,SUN XIU-YU,LI YA-CHANG 1979, 11 (01):  35-41.  Abstract ( 534 )   The spectral reflectance of skin of 8 chinese male and female adults,aged from 19 to 49, were measured by a spectrophotometer, tristimulusvalues (X. Y. Z.) and chromaticity coordinates (x. y.) were obtained. Aweighted average spectral reflectance curve is established fot chinese adults.Sex, age and prosessional variables are discussed. Average spectrat reflectancecurves of skin of 4 men, 4 women and 2 young women, also typical spectralreflectance curves for lighter and darker chinese individuals are given. Based on the chromaticity and reflectance of skin of chinese adults, askin-color plate of porcelain, 7.5×7.5cm in size was manufactured. Thespectral reflectance curves, as mentioned above, and the skin-color plateare to be used as standards in color television, photographic, lithographicand lighting industries. Related Articles | Metrics

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A SYSTEMATIC STUDY ON THE RELATIVE SPECTRAL LUMINOSITY AMONG CHINESE PEOPLE He Bao-yuan,Ma Mou-chao,Chen Yong-ming,Xu Zhong-hui,Ji Gui-ping,Zhang Jia--tang,Zhang Zeng-hui,Wang Hui-li 1979, 11 (01):  42-49.  Abstract ( 619 )   The works on relative luminous efficiencies, or V(λ), had been studiedby many researchers, and proved to be very useful in both theoretical andpractical fields of vision and colour technology. In the years 1924 and 1951,the spectral sensitvity curves for photopic and scotopic visions were esta-blished by the C. I. E. respectively. But in the 18th session of C. I. E.,which was held in 1975, the chairman of the committee of vision, J. A. S. Kinney had raised the question whether there exist misuses of V(λ) or notin its applications. Together with other disagreements concerning V(λ), thisinquiry suggested us to think of the appropriateness of the application ofC. I. E. V(λ) in China, where the people differed ethnologically from theobservers of C. I. E. V(λ). For this reason, we undertook a serial study onthe relative spectral luminosity among Chinese people, the result we obtainedreads as follows: (1) Both photopic and scotopic relative spectral luminosityof Chinese people are rather coincident with or run very close to those ofC. I. E. and especially that with D. B. Judd's revision. These findings in turnsupport such opinions which suggested that there is likely no significantethnological differnce in this respect. (2) Both photopic and scotopic relati-ve spectral luminous efficiency functions increase with age on the short wa-ve side of the spectrum. (3) Under the conditions of 4 sizes of visual angle,the results show that as the size of visual field increases, V(λ) heightens onthe short wavelength side accordingly. (4) Under the conditions of 4luminosity levels, the V(λ) curves become slender when the luminosity rose. Related Articles | Metrics

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CHANGES IN LUMINANCE OF VISUAL FIELD AND CONTRAST SENSITIVITY JIAO SHU-IAN,CHING CHI-CHENG,YU BO-LIN 1979, 11 (01):  50-57.  Abstract ( 743 )   After prolonged observation of a visual task visual performance isaffected by sudden changes in luminance level of the visual field. Contrastsensitivity decreases with increase in the ratio of the two luminance levelsand is independent of their absolute values. The experiment used 5 ratiosof luminance changes of the visual field: 1:1, 1:10, 1:20, 1:50 and1:100.Contrast sensitivity is greatest when the ratio is 1:1, and falling to 50%of the original when the ratio reaches 1:20. If the former is arbitrarily setto be 100% seeing probability, then the latter would be 50% seeing proba-bility which is the threshold for visual discrimination. It is recommendedthat in designing actual lighting environments changes in luminance ratio ofthe visual field should not exceed 1:20. Related Articles | Metrics

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MODES OF HAPTLC PERCEPTION AND LENGTH DISCRIMINATION Wang Su 1979, 11 (01):  58-67.  Abstract ( 568 )   The aim of this experirment is to study the effect of two differentmodes of haptic perception on Iength discnimination. Using the method ofadjustment in a 2×2×2 experiment, two modes of evaluation for bothstandard and variable stimuli have been used: thumb-index finger span (2Fmode) and touching of the index finger along the surface of a wooden barfrom one end to the other (1F mode). The results show: 1. When these twomodes are both used in the perception of the standard stimulus, no significantdifference in DL is observed, while in the perception of the variablestimulns there is significant difference in DL. The 2F mode DL is lowerthan that of 1F mode. 2. When the standard and variable stimuli are perceivedby the same mode, the DL is lower; when the two modes are used simulta-neouly by the two hands in perceiving the standard and variable stimuliseparaely, the DL is higher. 3. The 2F mode is more accurate than 1Fmode when they are used to perceive the smaller standard stimulus, andthe 1F mode is more accurate than 2F mode when they are used. to perceivethe bigger standard stimulus. However, when these two modes are used toperceive the variable stimuli, the results are in the reverse. 4. This experi-ment suggests that the two modes of haptic perception have different waysof encoding in processing length information and thus exert influence onlength discrimination. Related Articles | Metrics

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BRAINCHEMICAL STUDY OF MEMORY AND LEARNING:Ⅰ.INJECTION OF PANCREATIC TRYPSIN AND RIBONUCLEASE INTO THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND ITS INFLUENCE ON MEMORY OF DARK BOX AVOIDANCE MODEL OF ALBINO RATS Luo Sheng-de,Li De-ming,Sun Li-hua 1979, 11 (01):  68-79.  Abstract ( 944 )   A new approach was proposed in which a memory model was studiedwith the method of instrumental enzyme drugs. Two instrumental enzymes, bovine pancreatic Trypsin and RNase, wereselected which are capable of destroying some types of proteins and RNA.A total of 60 adult albino rats, each implanted two pairs of brain canals,were divided into two groups: a non-consolidation group (NC) and a cons-olidation group (C). Each group was again divided into three sub-groupsof Trypsin (T), RNase (R) and normal saline salution (NS). The resultsshowed that after different periods of bilateral injection of Trypsin andRNase into the hippocampus (iH), different effects were observed on theconditioned reflex of DBA memory model(CR_(DBA)). 72 hours after injectionof Trypsin (AP_2L_2H_4 and AP_4L_3H_5) retention of DBA memory clearlydecreased in the NC group, and the amnesia effect under this experimentalcondition contrasted with the other conditions in that their differences werestatistically significant. The paper discussed on some possible causes of the above phenomenonas well as the significance of the experimental findings. The authors wereof the opinion that if instrumental enzyme drugs with clearly demonstratedactive mechanisms could be selected systematically and to pursue furtherresearch into the influences of drugs on the consolidation of different levelsof memory model, it would be of benefit to the understanding of the bra-inchemical mechanism of memory. At least this would be a new line ofapproach that is worth exploration. Related Articles | Metrics

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PATIENTS’EMOTIONAL STATE ON ENTERING THE OPERATION ROOM,ITS RELATIONSHIP TO THE EFFECT OF ACUPUNCTURE ANESTHESIA ANDTO SOME PSYCHOPHYSIOLOCICAL FUNCTIONS Xu Shu--liah,Tang Ci-mei,Song Wni-zhen,Sun Chang-hua,Xiang Man-jun,Zhang Shu-xun,Liu Shu-qi,Gong xian-lin,Yu qiu-sheng,Liu Jia-liang,Feng Bei-yuan,Xu Mu-yu,Men Xiu-wen,Zhang Chong-li 1979, 11 (01):  80-90.  Abstract ( 540 )   The study was carried out during 1975-1976, and the Ss were 101patients for lung resection under acupuncture anesthesia. The results showed: the emotional states before needle inserting, asassessed either by self-observation or by objective behavior observation,highly correlated with the effect of acupuncture anesthesia, this was espe-cially the case with the latter assessment (P<0.001). The tensionalsoften had worse effect than the stables. Moreoyer, Pts who seemed stableat the beginning and then became tonsional usually had bad effects.The emotional states were related to the following physiological andpsychological functions: 1) Most of the emotional tensionals had greaterfluctuations in respiration and pulse amplitude when lying quietly afterentering the operation room (51Ss). 2) While inserting the acupunctureneedle, the combined fluctuations of G. S. R., respiration and pulse amplitudewere markedly larger for the tensionals than for the stables (P<0.001, 47Ss). 3) The pts with tensional or medial emotional states, the plasma11-OHCS (as compared to that tested in the ward) increased more sign-ificantly than the stables (P<0.05, 47 Ss). 4) All the stables completed thetime estimating test more accurately on entering operation room than thatperformed in the ward, while the most of the tensionals showed worse per-formance than in the ward (P<0.01, 32 Ss). 5) The pts that overconcernedabout acupuncture anesthesia usually were the tensionals when entering theoperation room (P<0.001, 99 Ss). 6) The results of the predicting test,based upon the combined responses of G. S. R., respiration and pulse am-plitude during acupuncture in the laboratory before operation, were alsohighly correlated with the emotional states when entering the operationroom (P<0.01, 101 Ss). 7) Oversensitive patients, evaluated through thecompound cutaneous sensitivity tests of touch and pain befor operaton.usually were the emotionaly tensionals when entering the operation room(P<0.01, 87 Ss). After the acupuncture induction, the catecholamines inblood of most of the tensionals increased while most of the stables hadthis blood substance decreased. However, the changes in catechoamines inblood were related with the effect of acupuncture anesthesia, pts. whohave increased cathecholamine in blood often show bad effect. Related Articles | Metrics

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THE ROLE PLAYED BY THE PSYCHOLOGICAL PACTORS INTHE CLINICAL MECHANISM OF ACUPUNCTURE ANAESTHESIA Wang Ji-sheng,Xin Dai-gao,Sun Chang-hua,Lin Shu-hui 1979, 11 (01):  91-100.  Abstract ( 502 )   Since 1965, we have observed several thousands of cases receiving acu-puncture anaesthesia. The results of research show: 1) In the whole processof acupuncture anaesthesia, the patients' psychological factors play anactive role in various aspects, that is, they are important in the effect ofneedling reaction, the analgesia of acupuncture, the regulation by acupun-cture and the efficacy of acupunoture anaesthesia. Some psychological factorsconstitute one aspect of the mechanism underlying acupuncture anaesthesia.2) Recognition, confidence, suggestion, individual experience of pain feeling,co-operation with medical members and above all, emotion play importantparts in acupuncture anaesthesia. 3) The exaggeration and the rejection ofthe effects of psychological factors on the acupuncture anaesthesia are bothincorrect. Related Articles | Metrics

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A CLINICAI STUDY OF MENTAL RETARDATION AND A SURVEY OF ITS INCIDENCE RATE Mao Yu-yan,Gong Wei--yao,Fan Cun-ren,Fang Yi-ying,Zha Zi-xiu,Ji Chu-qing,Zhou Zhi-fang 1979, 11 (01):  101-110.  Abstract ( 485 )   Two aspects in the research of mental retardation are discussed in thispaper. In one aspect, a rating scale has been developed for diagnosing theintelligent behavior of 150 mentally retarded persons who pay visits to twoclinics monthly to see if any progress has been made after taking a certainkind of medicine. In another aspect,a survey has been made in four districtsin Peking with the aim of finding out the incidence rate of mental retardationand to analyze the factors which might be its causes. The rating scale assesses the benavior in five different areas, namely,the gross motor behavior, fine movement, skills in self care, language deve-lopment and number concepts, each of which is rated in six grades, and theprogress made by the mentally retarded is designated in three levels. Such arating scale has been proved to be effective, neverthless there are many shor-tcomings which should be overcome through further practice. The mean incidence rate of mental retardation in these four districtsin Peking is 3.4‰ of the population. This poses a problem Just as seriousas that in other countries. Suggestions on remedy work of such a problemhas been outlined briefly. Related Articles | Metrics

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THE DEVELOPMENT OF CONCEPTION OF NUMBER IN CHILDREN 3-7 YEARS OLD IN NINE DISTRICTS THROUGHOUT CHINA AND THEIR ABILITY TO PERFORM ARITEMETRCAL OPERATIONS:A GENERAL REPORT The Cooperative Research Group of Child's Conception of Numbers 1979, 11 (01):  111-120.  Abstract ( 510 )   Nine experiments with similar procedures to test children's conceptionof cardinal and ordinal numbers and their ability in addition-substractionoperations have been carried out in nine districts throughout China. A totalof 780 aged 3-7 yrs has been tested and 9 experimental results have beenreported. This paper is a general summary of these nine reports. Based on thedata obtained the following problems are disccussed: a) the development ofthe child's counting ability; b) the development of the child's conception ofgroup and addition-substraction operations; c) the development of the child'sconception of seriation and the relationship between cardinal and ordinalnumbers; d) the child's conservation of number; e) the development of thechild's mathematical reasoning; f) the part different cognitive processesplay in the child's conception of number; g) the stages and turning pointsin the development of the child's conception of number; h) the role ofcultnral background in develoing thechild's conception of number and oper-ational ability and; i) the interrelation between different stages or aspectsin the development of the child's conception of number and operationalability. This study, as the authors point out, is still in its prelimilary stage.However, quite an amount of scientific data has been obtained and someproblems for further investig ation have been derived. Even more impor-tant, the authors have gained some experience in this form of cooperativeresearch, which will be useful in our future work. Related Articles | Metrics

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A PRELIMINARY RESEARCH OF 21 SUPERNORMAL CHILDREN The Cooperative Research Group of Supernomal Children 1979, 11 (01):  121-128.  Abstract ( 440 )   The purpose of this study is to identify the children with supernormalintelligence, to find the conditions of their development and to search forthe appropriate way to educate them. 15 boys and 6 girls aged from 1 to 11 have been studied in their 1)general conditions (e. g. case history etc.); 2) school performances; 3)intellectual faculties and 4) personality traits. The data so far collected arepresented in this prelimilary report. This work, as the authors pointed out,also serves as the starting point for following-up these children's developmentin future. Related Articles | Metrics

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PSYCHOLOGY IN AUSTRALIA Xu Lian-cang,Ching Chi-cheng,Ii Xin-tian 1979, 11 (01):  129-139.  Abstract ( 495 )   At the invitation of the Australian Psychological Society, a delegationfrom the Institute of Psychology of the Chinese Academy of Sciencesparticipated in the 13th Annual Conference ofthe Australian PsychologicalSociety (27th August-1st September, 1978). The delegation also visiteddepartments of psychology of 9 universities, 4 educational research centres,5 hospitals and 2 biological institutes in Newcastle, Brisbane, Sydney, Can-berra and Melbourne. This paper reports on the current status and achie-vements of Australian psychology. Related Articles | Metrics