The role of ventrolateral prefrontal cortex on emotional regulation of social pain in depressed patients: A TMS study

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2021.00494

Abstract

Abstract:

Negative interpersonal experiences and negative social events are important inducing factors of depression, and social function impairment is one of the important characteristics of depressed patients, who usually show emotional disorder related to social pain. In order to improve the emotional regulation ability in depressed patients when they are in negative social situations or in front of negative social events, this study examined the change of emotional regulation ability in depressed patients following the activation of the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) using the TMS. The results showed that the experimental group (n = 64), with the right VLPFC activated as well as adopting the reappraisal strategy, reported weaker negative emotional experiences in social exclusion situations than the control group (n = 63), suggesting that activating the right VLPFC could effectively improve the ability of patients to explicitly regulate emotions related to social pain. This study is the first attempt to improve the ability of emotional regulation in depressed patients by using TMS. These findings not only support the causal relationship between the VLPFC and reappraisal strategy, but also provide a clear neurotherapeutic target for clinical improvement of the ability of emotional regulation in patients with social dysfunctions such as depression. Further studies are needed to confirm the conclusions of this study and optimize the TMS treatments by exploring multi-session TMS protocols, changing the way of inducing social pain, comparing the treatment effect of the left and right VLPFC, and attempting to use other emotional regulation strategies.

Key words: depression, transcranial magnetic stimulation, ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, social pain, emotional regulation

MO Licheng, GUO Tianyou, ZHANG Yueyao, XU Feng, ZHANG Dandan. (2021). The role of ventrolateral prefrontal cortex on emotional regulation of social pain in depressed patients: A TMS study. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 53(5), 494-504.

Figures/Tables 4

Table 1 Demographic characteristics of patients in the two groups (M ± SD)

Variables	Experimental Group (n = 64)	Control Group (n = 63)	Statistics
Age (years)	29.0 ± 2.3	28.8 ± 2.7	t = 0.5, p = .593
Gender (female/male)	34/30	33/30	c² = 0.007, p = .933
Depression (BDI-II)	23.3 ± 6.5	22.3 ± 5.8	t = 0.9, p = 0.382
Social anxiety (LSAS)	39.4 ± 20.2	39.8 ± 20.3	t = -0.1, p = 0.911
Rejection sensitivity (RSQ)	9.0 ± 3.4	8.8 ± 3.8	t = 0.3, p = 0.763
Empathy (IRI)	51.1 ± 9.7	49.4 ± 10.5	t = 1.0, p = 0.328

Figure 1. Experimental materials and experimental procedures.
A, Example of experimental material. Some of the pictures in this study were selected from the Internet. In order not to infringe the copyright and portrait rights of others, the in this picture are graduate students of the research group. B, Stimulus presentation in one trial. C, Flow chart of the task.

Figure 2. Simulation diagram of TMS electric fields distribution. The color represents the electric field strength, with blue representing 0 and red representing the individual maximums.

Figure 3. Experimental results.
A, negative emotion intensity score during passive viewing and reappraisal (1-to-9 point scale, 1 for the least negative and 9 for the most negative). B,1 after 30 minutes of emotional regulation, the picture valance rating (1-to-9 point scale, 1 for the most negative, 9 for the most positive). Bars represent standard error of the mean.
* p < 0.05.

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